参考文献

1.Goldman L，Caldera D，Nussbaum SR，et al.Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures.N Engl J Med，1977，297：845-850.

2.Goldman L.Cardiac risk in noncardiac surgery：an update.anesth anaig，1995，80：810-820

3.Gross JB.Estimating allowable blood loss：corrected for dilution.Anaesthesiology，1983，58：2772-80.

4.Guigoz Y，Vellas B，Garry PJ.Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly：The Mini Nutritional Assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation.Nutr Rev，1996，54：S59-S65.

5.Fallon C，Bruce I，Eustace A，et al.Nutritional status of community dwelling subjects attending a memory clinic.J Nutr Health Aging，2002，（Supp）：21.

6.Kagansky N，Berner Y，Koren-Morag N，Perelman L，Knobler H，Levy S.Poor nutritional habits are predictors of poor outcomes in very old hospitalized patients.Am J Clin Nutr，2005，82：784-791.

7.Guigoz Y.The Mini-Nutritional Assessment （MNA®） review of the literature-what does it tell us? J Nutr Health Aging，2006，10：465-487.

8.Hirsh J，Hoak J.Management of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.A statement for healthcare professionals.Circulation，1996，93：2212-2245.