C

cabbage** [‘kæbidʒ] n.[c][U]

a round vegetable with large green, purplish-red or white leaves that can be eaten raw or cooked　甘蓝，卷心菜：

Do you like cabbage?

你喜欢卷心菜吗？

cafe, café* [‘kæfeiˌ kæ’fei] n.

1. [c] a place where you can buy drinks and simple meals. alcohol is not usually served in british or american cafes.

咖啡馆，小餐馆，酒吧，夜总会

2. [c] a small shop/store that sells sweets,newspapers, food, etc. and usually stays open later than other shops/stores　便利商店（出售糖果、报纸、食物等，通常比其他商店晚一些关门）

cafeteria** [ˌkæfi’tiəriə] n.

a restaurant where you choose and pay for your meal at a counter and carry it to a table. cafeterias are often found in factories,colleges, hospitals, etc. （cafe　咖啡+ ter　地方+ -ia　名词后缀：喝咖啡的地方）自助餐馆

cage** [keidʒ]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. a structure made of metal bars or wire in which animals or birds are kept　笼，盒：

a cage for animals　兽笼

Ⅱ v.

[usually passive] to put or keep an animal in a cage　把（动物）关在笼中：

cage sth. (up)

The dogs are caged (up) at night.

晚上狗被关进笼里。

cake [keik] n.

1.[c][U]a sweet food made from a mixture of flour, eggs, butter, sugar, etc. that is baked in an oven. cakes are made in various shapes and sizes and are often decorated, for example with cream oricing. 蛋糕：

He bought me a birthday cake.

他给我买了生日蛋糕。

2. [c] a food mixture that is cooked in a round flat shape　饼状食物；饼：

potato cakes　土豆饼

▲a piece ofcake

(informal) a thing that is very easy to do　轻而易举的事；举手之劳

calculate** [‘kælkjuleit] vt.＆ vi.

（calcul　石头+ -ate　动词后缀：古时以装在木盘中的小石子计数）

1. to use numbers to find out a total number, amount, distance, etc.计算：

Have you calculated the cost of the trip with the help of the calculator?

你用计算器算出旅行费用了吗?

【同】compute, count, figure, value, work out

2. to guess sth. or form an opinion by using all the information available　预测；推测：

The ad is calculated to attract the attention of girls.

那广告计划以女孩子为宣传对象。

It’s impossible to calculate what influence he had on her life.

现在无法估计他对她的生活产生过多大影响。

【派】calculated adj.被计算出来的；calculating adj.计算的；calculation n.[U]计算；calculator n.[c]计算者，计算器

calendar [‘kælində] n.

a page or series of pages showing the days,weeks and months of a particular year,especially one that you hang on a wall　日历：

a hanging calendar　挂历

the lunar calendar　阴历

the solar calendar　阳历

the school calendar　校历

He turned off the page of the calendar.

他撕掉了那页日历。

call [kɔ:l]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. a loud sound made by a bird or an animal,or by a person to attract attention　叫，叫喊：

I heard a call for help.

我听到呼救的声音。

Please remain within call.

请不要走远。

2. the act of speaking to sb. on the telephone　打电话：

I will give you a call.

我会给你打电话。

I had a call from my father just now.

刚才我接到了父亲的电话。

Please answer the call.

请接电话。

3. a short visit to sb.’s house　访问：

I must return their call.

我必须回访他们。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to shout or say sth. loudly to attract sb.’s attention　大声说，叫喊：

I heard sb. calling.

我听见有人在叫。

The teacher is calling the roll.

老师在点名。

call a doctor　请医生

2. to give sb./sth. a particular name; to use a particular name or title when you are talking to sb.把……叫作，称为：

They called the baby Sarah.

他们管那婴儿叫萨拉。

3. to telephone sb.打电话：

call me this evening.

今晚给我打电话。

Please ask her to call back as soon as she comes in.

请她一来就回个电话。

4. (especially brE) to make a short visit to a person or place　访问，拜访：

He called at your office yesterday.

昨天他来过你办公室。

▲call for　要求，邀请，需要：

There are many problems that call for immediate solution.

有许多迫切需要解决的问题。

I’ll call for you at six.

我将在六点去接你。

▲call forth　唤起，引起，振作起，鼓起：

Trouble called forth his best qualities.

艰难的处境激发了他的才智。

The proposal called forth a good deal of criticism.

这项提案招来很多批评。

▲call off放弃，取消：

The football match was called off on account of the bad weather.

因天气不好而取消了足球赛。

▲call on/upon　访问，拜访，号召，呼吁：

I called on my teacher on christmas Day.

圣诞节那天我拜访了我的老师。

【同】call at, drop in, go and see, pay a visit to, pay one’s respect to, visit, wait on/upon

▲call up　召集，动员，打电话，使人想起：The music calls up old times. 这音乐让人回想起旧日时光。

I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.

我昨晚给你打过电话，但没人接。

calligraphy [kə'liɡrəfi] n.[U]

the art of producing beautiful writing using special pens or brushes, or the writing produced this way　书法

【派】calligrapher n.[c]

calm* [kɑ:m]

Ⅰ adj.

without wind or large waves; not excited,nervous or upset（人）镇静沉着的：

The high wind passed and the sea was calm again.

大风刮过后海面又平静了。

Tina was frightened, but she stayed calm.

蒂娜吓了一跳，但仍保持了镇静。

【同】quiet

Ⅱ n.

1. [U] a quiet and peaceful time or situation　平静时期，宁静状态：

The storm was followed by a great calm.

暴风雨过后，又恢复了平静。

2. [U] a quiet and relaxed manner　泰然自若：

Her previous calm gave way to terror.

她先前的泰然自若已变为惊恐。

Ⅲ vt. ＆ vi.

to make sb./sth. become quiet and more relaxed, especially after strong emotion or excitement（使）镇定，（使）安静：

The rider calmed the frightened horse.

骑手使惊马镇定下来。

【辨】calm, quiet, silent, still：

①calm指天气、海洋等的平静，也可引申指人，表示安宁，是一种状态。

②quiet指声音很低，相对的宁静，指人时，表示文静 “be quiet,” said the teacher. “安静点！”老师说道。

③silent指不发出声音或不说话，与状态无关，只是客观上的没有声音　They huddled together in silent groups. 他们默不作声地聚在一起。

④still指绝对的宁静而不兴奋，强调行为状态上的不动。 Keep still while I brush your hair. 我给你梳头时你不要动。

calorie [ˈkæləri] n.[c]

a unit for measuring the amount of energy that food will produce　卡路里，大卡，卡（热量单位）：

a potato has about 90 calories.

一枚土豆有90大卡热量。

I need to burn off a few calories (=lose some weight by exercising).

我需要锻炼减肥了。

camel** [‘kæməl] n.[c]

a kind of animal with one or two humps （隆起，峰） on its back　骆驼：

camels can be used to carry goods.

骆驼可以用来驮运货物。

camera [‘kæmərə] n.[c]

a piece of equipment for faking photographs, moving pictures or television pictures　照相机，摄影机，摄像机：

We produce images in the camera.

我们用照相机摄影。

an instant camera　即拍即显照相机

▲① in camera（律）不公开地：The trial was held in camera. 审判秘密进行。

② on camera　在摄制中，在电视上：are you prepared to tell your story on camera?你愿意在电视上讲述你的经历吗？

camp [kæmp]

Ⅰ n. [c][U]

a place where people live temporarily in tents or temporary buildings　野营，营地：

The climbers had a camp near the top of the mountain.

登山者们在靠近山顶处设了一个营地。

Ⅱ vi.

to put up a tent and live in it for a short time　设营，宿营：

Where shall we camp tonight?

今晚我们宿营何地?

【派】camper n.[c]野营者，露营者；camping n.[U]野营

campaign** [kæm’pein]

（camp-营地+ aign = aigs　平原：在平原、开阔地上扎营/准备开战）

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. a series of attacks and battles that are intended to achieve a particular military aim during a war　战役：

The general planned a campaign to capture the city.

将军制定了夺取该市的战役计划

2. a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social,commercial or political aim　运动：

The campaign succeeded and he won the election.

竞选运动取得成功，他当选了。

start a campaign against smoking　发起禁烟运动

Ⅱ vi.

to take part in or lead a campaign, for example to achieve political change or in order to win an election　参加运动，领导运动：

We have campaigned against whaling for the last 15 years.

我们最近十五年一直在参加反对捕鲸的运动。

campus* [‘kæmpəs] n.[c]

the buildings of a university or college and the land around them（大学）校园：

campus activities　校内活动

campus buildings　学校建筑物

can [kænˌ kən]

Ⅰ aux.v. (could[kudˌ kəd]；否　cannot [‘kænɔt9 kə’nɔt], can not, can’t[ka:nt])

1. （表示能力）used to say that it is possible for sb./sth. to do sth., or for sth. to happen　能，会：

She can drive, but she can’t ride a bicycle.

她会开车，但不会骑自行车。

2. （表示可能性）used to say that sth. is possible　可能，会：

can the news be true?

这消息会是真的吗?

He could not have seen me yesterday, because I wasn’t there.

昨天他不可能见到过我，因为我当时不在那里。

3. （表示许可或请求，代替　may, might)

used to show that sb. is allowed to do sth.可以：

can/could I use your dictionary?

我可以用一下你的词典吗?

4. （用于否定句）used in the negative for saying that you are sure sth. is not true　应该不是……，不可能……：

I believe him. He can’t be such an irresponsible man.

我相信他。他应该不是一个如此不负责任的人。

She can’t have finished her task.

她肯定没有完成任务。

5. （表示提议）used to ask permission to do sth. (can I……?)我来做……好吗？：

can I make you some coffee?

要不要我帮你煮些咖啡?

Ⅱ n. [c]

a metal container in which food and drink is sold　罐头：

two cans of tomato juice　两罐番茄汁

cans of fruit　水果罐头

Ⅲ vt.

to preserve food by putting it in a can　装罐头：

In this factory they can fish to be sent abroad.

在这家工厂，他们把鱼装成罐头运往国外。

I like canned fish.

我喜欢吃罐头鱼。

canada [‘kænədə] n.

加拿大：

How far is canada from France?

从法国到加拿大有多远？

canadian [kə’neidjən]

Ⅰ adj.

from or connected with canada　加拿大的，加拿大人的

Ⅱ n. [c]

a person from canada　加拿大人：

He came from canada, but he is not a canadian.

他来自加拿大，但不是加拿大人。

canal** [kə’næl] n.[c]

1. a long straight passage dug in the ground and filled with water for boats and ships to travel along　运河：

the Suez canal　苏伊士运河

the Grand canal （中国的）大运河

2. a smaller passage used for carrying water to fields, crops, etc.沟渠：

a canal for irrigation　灌溉渠

cancel [‘kænsəl] vt.

(cancel(l)ed, cancel(l)ing)

1. to decide that sth. that has been arranged will not now take place　取消，把……作废：

The meeting has been cancel(l)ed.

会议取消了。

2. to say that you no longer want to continue with an agreement, especially one that has been legally arranged　删去，划掉：

The figure should be cancelled in this report.

报告中的这一数字应删去。

cancer** [‘kænsə] n.[c][U]

a serious disease in which growth of cells,also called cancers, form in the body and kill normal body cells. The disease often causes death.癌，肿瘤：

He’s got cancer in his throat.

他患了喉癌。

candidate** [‘kændidit] n.[c]

a person who is trying to be elected or is applying for a job　候选人，候补者，报考者：

He was the strongest candidate for the position of manager.

他是最合适的经理候选人。

a presidential candidate　总统候选人

candle [‘kændl] n.[c]

a round stick of wax with a piece of string(called a wick) through the middle which is lit to give light as it burns　蜡烛：

The candle flickered in the wind.

烛火在风中摇曳不定。

not worth the candle　不值得，划不来，不合算

burn the candle at both ends　两头浪费，作无益的消耗

candy [‘kændi] n.[U][c][美]

sweet food made of sugar and/or chocolate, eaten between meals;糖果：

three pieces of candy　三块糖

Don’t eat too much candy.

不要吃太多的糖果。

canteen** [kæn’ti:n] n.[c]

a place where food and drink are served in a factory, a school, etc.食堂；小卖部

cap [kæp]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. a type of soft flat with a peak(=a hard curved part sticking out in front).caps are worn especially by men and boys, often as a part of a uniform. 便帽，军帽：

If the cap fits, wear it.

批评得当就接受。

a college cap　学士帽

2. a cover or top for a pen, bottle, etc.盖，罩，套：

the cap of a pen　钢笔套

a cap on a bottle　瓶盖

Ⅱ vt.

sth. (with sth.) to cover the top or the end of sth. with sth. 覆盖于……顶端：

Snow capped the mountains.

雪覆盖了山顶。

cap a bottle　盖上瓶盖

capable* [‘keipəbl] adj.

（cap　抓，取+ -able　形容词后缀：什么都能抓住，取来）

1. having the ability or qualities necessary for doing sth.有能力的，有才能的，有技能的：

He is very capable as a photographer.

他是位非常能干的摄影师。

a capable driver　技术好的司机

2. able to be; ready for有……可能性，可以……的(of)：

That dog is capable of biting if you go too near!

如果你太靠近，那狗可能咬你！

The boy is capable of being taught.

这孩子可教。

【反】incapable

【派】capably adv.

capacity** [kə’pæsiti] n.[U]

1. the number of things or people that a container or space can hold　容量，容积：

The hall has a seating capacity of 2,000.

这个大厅可坐两千人。

【同】extent

2. the ability to understand or to do sth.能量，能力：

You have the capacity to become a doctor.

你有能力成为医生。

Some people have more capacity for happiness than others.

有些人比别人更善于体验幸福。

【同】ability

【反】incapacity

capital [‘kæpitl]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] the most important town or city of a country, usually where the central government operates from　首都，首府：

Paris is the capital of France.

巴黎是法国的首都。

2. [c] a letter of the form and size that is used at the beginning of a sentence or a name　大写字母：

Please write the headline in capitals.

请用大写字母写标题。

3. [U] a large amount of money that is invested or is used to start a business　资本，资金：

The company has a capital of 50,000 pound.

那家公司有五万英镑资金。

Ⅱ adj.

punishable by death　可处死刑的

capsule** [‘kæpsju:l] n.[c]

Murder can be a capital offence.

谋杀罪可以判处死刑。

1. a small container which has a measured amount of medicine inside and which dissolves when you swallow it　胶囊：

Take two capsules three times a day.

每次服用两粒胶囊，每日三次。

2. the part of a spacecraft in which people travel and that often separates from the main rocket.（太空飞行器的）密封舱

captain** [‘kæptin]

(cap　头，首+ -t + -ain　名词后缀表示“人”)

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. the leader of a group of people　队长，上尉：

We chose him captain.

我们选他当队长。

2. the person in charge of a ship　船长：

The captain was the last to leave the sinking ship.

船长最后一个离开正在下沉的船。

【同】master, ruler

Ⅱ vt.

to be a captain of a sports team or a ship　作……的首领，指挥：

captain a team　作队长

car [ka: ] n.[c]

1. a road vehicle with an engine and four wheels that can carry a small number of passengers　汽车，车：

a mail car　邮车

a baby car　微型汽车

2. a separate section of a train（火车）车厢：

a sleeping car　卧铺车厢

carbon** [‘kɑ:bən] n.[U][化]

a chemical element　碳：

carbon monoxide　一氧化碳

card [kɑ:d] n.[c]

1. a small piece of paper or plastic with information on it　卡片，名片：

I received many New Year cards from my students.

我收到了学生寄来的许多新年贺卡。

a visiting/calling card　名片

2. playing card（复）纸牌：Shall we play cards? 要不要玩牌？：

▲ID.card　身份证：

Show me your ID.card.

请出示身份证。

▲credit card　信用卡

care [kɛə]

Ⅰ n. [U]

1. attention or thoughts that you give to sth. that you are doing so that you will do it well and avoid mistakes or damage　注意，当心，谨慎：

This work requires great care.

这项工作需要非常小心。

Take care there’s no mistake.

当心不要弄错。

2. the process of caring for sb. and providing what they need for their health or protection　关怀，照顾：

The baby was left in its sister’s care.

婴儿留给姐姐照料。

3. a feeling of worry or anxiety　担心，挂念：

Few people are free from care.

很少有人无忧无虑。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to feel that sth. is important and worth worrying about　关心，介意：

He never cares about clothes.

他从不在乎穿着。

You don’t have to care for my safety.

你不必为我的安全担心。

2. to like or love sb. and worry about what happens to them　关怀，照料：

She cares for her sick father.

她照顾生病的父亲。

3. (esp. in polite suggestions) to like; want　想要……（用于否定句和疑问句）：

Would you care to go with me?

你想和我一起去吗?

Would you care for a drink?

你想喝一杯吗？

▲care for

①喜欢，意欲：He doesn’t care much for television. 他不太喜欢看电视。

②照管，关心：She cares for the children as if they were her own. 她关心这些孩子犹如亲生。

▲take care　小心，当心：

Take care not to break the glass.

小心不要打破了杯子。

▲take care of　照顾，照料，承担，处理，负责

career** [kə’riə] n.[c]

（car　车+ -e + -er　名词后缀：车走的地方/道路/人生道路/经历）

1. the period of time that you spend in your life working or doing a particular thing　经历，生涯：

Why did she abandon her stage career?

她为何放弃舞台生涯?

the careers of great men　伟人的生平

2. a job that you learn to do and then do for many years　事业，职业：

She chose acting as her career.

她选择演戏作为自己的职业。

【同】business, employment, job

【辨】career, life:

①career“生涯”，指从事某种活动或职业的生活：twenty years’ teaching careers　二十年的教书生涯

②life“一生”，指从出生到现在，或从现在到死亡：Such a thing never happened in my life before.

我一生中从未曾遇到过这种事。

careful [‘kɛəful] adj.

1. thinking about what you are doing so that you don’t make a mistake or have an accident　仔细的，小心的：

He is a very careful observer.

他观察事物很仔细。

be careful of your health.

当心你的健康。

She is careful about her dress.

她很注意衣着。

2. showing attention to details; thorough　细致的，精心的：

I have given your results the most careful consideration.

我对你的结果已做了最精心的考虑。

【同】alert, mindful, watchful

【反】careless

【派】carefully adv；carefulness n.[U]仔细，慎重，小心

careless [‘kɛəlis] adj.

not thinking enough about what you are doing so that you make mistakes　粗心的，疏忽的：

careless drivers have accidents.

粗心的司机出事故。

It was very careless of you to lose the documents.

你居然把文件弄丢了，实在太大意了。

【派】carelessness n.; carelessly adv.

carpet** [‘kɑ:pit] n.[c]

a soft covering for a floor that is often made of wool and it’s usually the same size as the floor　地毯：

The bedroom floor is covered with a carpet.

卧室铺着地毯。

roll out the red carpet for sb.

铺开红地毯隆重欢迎某人

【同】blanket

carrot [‘kærət] n.[c]

a long thin orange vegetable　胡萝卜：

Eating more carrots will do you good.

多吃胡萝卜对你有好处。

the carrot and the stick　软硬兼施

carry [‘kæri] vi

1. to move people or things　运送，运载：

The goods will be carried by lorry to Yinan.

货物将由卡车运到沂南。

Please carry the meal to the table.

请把饭菜端上桌。

2. to contain and direct the flow of water,electricity, etc.传送：

Wires carry sound.

电线能传声。

3. to hold sth. and take it to another place or keep it with you　携带，带着：

He never carries large notes.

他从来不带大票。

【辨】carry, convey:

①carry是普通用语，指把人或物运或携带到另一地方，也指用管道输送液体等：He carried the chair to the room. 他把椅子搬到了屋里。

②convey　多指输送不断移动着的东西，用传送带输送或借助通道或其他媒介物输送。

▲carry off 赢得；获得：to win sth.

He carried off most of the prizes.

他赢得了大多数的奖项。

▲carry on　继续下去，从事，经营：to continue

He carried on business for many years in Japan.

他在日本经商多年。

▲carry out　贯彻，执行，实现：to do orfinish what you have planned carry out a plan　执行计划

carry out sb.’s intention　贯彻某人的意图

cartoon [kɑ:'tu:n] n.[c]

1. a funny drawing in a newspaper or magazine, especially about politicians or events in the news　漫画

2. a short film that is made by photographing a series of drawings　卡通，动画片：

cartoon characters such as Donald Duck　卡通人物如唐老鸭

▲cartoon strip: a set of drawings that tell a funny story, especially in a newspaper or magazine　连环卡通画

carve [kɑ:v] vt.

to make an object or pattern by cutting a piece of wood or stone (雕)刻：

They carved their names on a tree trunk.

他们将名字刻在树干上。

The artist carved an interesting statue from this piece of wood.

艺术家用这块木头雕刻了一尊很有趣的像。

【同】cut, form

▲ carve out: to succeed in getting the job,position, life etc. that you want　成功获得

She carved out a successful career in thefilm industry.

她在电影业成功获得了职业生涯。

case* [keis] n.[c]

Ⅰ n.

a container used to protect or store things, a container with its contents or the amount that it contains　容器；箱；盒；套；罩；容器及内装物;（容器的）容量：

The museum was full of stuffed animals in glass cases.

博物馆摆满了放在玻璃柜里的动物标本。

a case （=12 bottles) of champagne　一箱(十二瓶）香槟酒

Ⅱ n.

a particular situation or a situation of a particular type　具体情况；事例；实例：

In some cases people have had to wait several weeks for an appointment.

在某些情况下，人们必须等上好几周才能得到约见。

The company only dismisses its employees in case of gross misconduct.

这家公司只有在雇员严重渎职时才予以解聘。

It’s a classic case (= a very typical case) of bad planning.

这是计划不当的一个典型事例。

Ⅲ n.

the fact of sb. having a disease or an injury; a person suffering from a disease or an injury　病例；病案；病人；伤员：

a severe case of typhoid　伤寒重病例

The most serious cases were treated at the scene of the accident.

受伤最严重的人在事故现场就得到了救治。

Ⅳ n.

a matter that is being officially investigated, especially by the police（尤指警方）侦查的案情，调查的案件：

a murder case　谋杀案

a case of theft　盗窃案

Ⅴ n.

a question to be decided in court　待裁决的案件：

The case will be heard next week.

此案下周审理。

a court case　诉讼案件

to win lose a case　胜诉;败诉

Ⅵ n.

a situation that relates to a particular person or thing　特殊情况：

In your case, we are prepared to be lenient.

根据你的情况，我们可以从宽处理。

I cannot make an exception in your case (=for you and not for others.).

我不能对你破例。

Every application will be decided on a case by case basis (= each one will be considered separately)

申请将根据各自情况逐一审定。

▲①in any case whatever happens or may have happened　无论如何；不管怎样：

There’s no point complaining now — we’re leaving tomorrow in any case.

现在抱怨毫无意义，不管怎样我们明天都要离开。

②in case because of the possibility of sth. happening　以防；以防万一：

You’ d better take the keys in case I’m out.

你最好带上钥匙以防我不在家。

You probably won’t need to call- but take my number just in case.

你很可能无须打电话，不过还是记下我的电话号码吧，以防万一。

In case (= If it is true that) you’re wondering why Jo is here- let me explain.

我来解释一下吧，免得你奇怪乔为什么在这儿。

③in case of （often on official notices常用于正式通知）

if sth. happens　如果；假使：

In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.

如遇火警，即按警铃。

cash* [kæʃ]

Ⅰ n.

money in the form of coins or notes/bills　现金：

How much cash do you have on you?

你身上多少现金?

Payments can be made by cheque or in cash.

你身上带着支票或现金均可付款。

customers are offered a 10% discount if they pay cash.

顾客若付现金，可获九折优惠。

The thieves stole ￡500 in cash.

小偷们盗走了500英镑现金。

Ⅱ v.

to exchange a cheque/check for the amount of money that it is worth　兑换现款，付/收现款：

can you cash this cheque for me?

你能将这张支票兑换现金给我吗?

cast** [kɑ:st]

Ⅰ v.

1. to throw sb./sth. somewhere, especially using force　扔；掷；抛：

The priceless treasures had been cast into the Nile.

价值连城的珍宝被扔进了尼罗河。

They cast anchor at nightfall.

他们傍晚抛锚停泊。

2. to shape hot liquid metal, etc. by pouring it into a hollow container (called a mould) 浇铸；铸造：

a statue cast in bronze　青铜铸像

an artist cast in the mould of (= very similar to) Miro

风格酷似米罗的一名艺术家

【辨】cast, throw:

①cast常用作比喻意义，表示无意识的行为：He could not help casting his eyes toward the beautiful girl.他忍不住朝那漂亮女孩看。

②throw　含有用力的意味：The boy threw a stone at the dog.

这小孩扔石头打狗。

Ⅱ n.

1. the act of throwing sth., especially a fishing line　投，掷，抛（钓线）：

The fisherman caught a fish at his first cast.

那渔夫第一次撒网就网到一条鱼。

2. all the people who act in play or film/movie（一出戏剧或一部电影的）全体演员：

The whole cast performed brilliantly.

全体演员都表现出色。

members of the cast　剧组成员

an all-star cast (= including many well-known actors)

明星云集的演员阵容

the supporting cast (= not the main actors, but the others) 配角演员

a cast list　演员表

3. an object that is made by pouring hot liquid metal, etc into a mould(= a specially shaped container)铸件；铸造品

castle** [kæsl] n.

a large strong building with thick high walls and towers, built in the past by kings or queens, or other important people, to defend themselves against attack　城堡；堡垒：

【同】palace, stronghold

cat [kæt] n.

Ⅰ

a small animal with soft fur that people often keep as a pet　猫：

Ⅱ

a wild animal of the cat family　猫科动物：

the big cats（such as lions, tigers, etc.)大型猫科动物（狮、虎等）

catch [kætF]

Ⅰ vt.

1. to take hold of sb./sth.抓住；握住：

He caught hold of her arm as she tried to push past him.

她试图从他身边挤过去时，他一把抓住了她的手臂。

【同】arrest, capture, get hold of, grasp

【派】catcher

2. to be in time for a bus, train, plane, etc. and get on　赶上（公共汽车、火车、飞机等）：

We caught the 12:15 train from Oxford.

我们赶上了12:15从牛津发出的火车。

3. to get an illness　得病；染疾：

to catch measles　染上麻疹

I must have caught this cold from you.

我的感冒想必是你传染的。

4. (fire) to begin to burn　烧着；着火：

The wooden rafters caught fire.

木椽子着火了。

5. to hear or understand sth.听清楚；领会：

Sorry, I didn’t quite catch what you said.

对不起，我没听清楚你的话。

6. to become stuck in or on sth.; to make sth. become stuck（被）钩住，夹住绊住：

Her dress caught on a nail.

她的连衣裙被钉子钩住了。

He caught his thumb in the door.

他的拇指被门夹住了。

7. sb./sth. to capture a person or an animal that tries or would try to escape　逮住；捕捉：

The murderer was never caught.

这个杀人犯一直未抓到。

Our cat is hopeless at catching mice.

我们的猫绝对捉不到老鼠。

How many fish did you catch?

你捕到几条鱼?

8. be attracted by　引起（注意等），吸引，迷住：

Her beautiful songs caught everyone’s attention.

她那优美的歌声吸引了每一位观众。

▲catch on to sth.

to understand sth.理解，受欢迎：

He is very quick to catch on to things.

他领悟能力很强。

The new fashion has caught on with young people.

这种新时尚受到年轻人的欢迎。

▲catch up with sb.

①to reach sb. who is ahead by going faster　赶上，追上（某人）：

Go on ahead. I will catch up with you.

你先走，我随后赶上你。

②to reach the same level standard as sb. who was better or more advanced　赶上，达到（某水平）：

after missing a term through illness he had to work hard to catch up with others.

他因病休学一学期，不得不努力学习，好赶上别的同学。

【同】gain on, overtake

【反】miss

category ['kætiɡəri] n. [c]

a group of people or things that are all of the same type　种类，类别：

It belongs to a different category.

它属于另一类。

botany falls into the category of biology.

植物学归入生物学。

cattle* [‘kætl] n. 【复】

male and female cows that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat　牛（总称）：

The cattle are grazing.

牛在吃草。

cause [kɔ:z]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c][U] a thing or person that makes sth. happen　原因：

due to various causes　由于种种原因

cause and effect　因果关系

2. [U] reason for feeling sth. or behaving in a particular way　理由：

You have no cause for complaint/to complain.

你没理由抱怨。

There’s no cause for anxiety.

没有忧虑的必要。

The doctor assured us that there was no cause for concern.

医生安慰我们说不用担心。

【辨】cause, reason:

① cause指自然的原因，结果由此而生出

For some unknown cause he was put into prison.

不知为什么他进了监狱。

② reason指理论上的理由，由此而产生结论

He doesn’t eat pork for religious reasons.

他因宗教上的原因不吃猪肉。

3. [c] an idea or organization that a group of people believe in and support　事业，理想，奋斗目标：

They fought in the cause of justice.

他们为正义而战。

He is determined to devote himself to the common cause.

他决心为这平凡的事业而献身。

We are all committed to the cause of racial equality.

我们都致力于种族平等。

Ⅱ vt.

to make sth. happen　使产生，引起，导致：

Thinking that he had caused her so much pain, he was grieved.

想到自己曾给她带来那么多痛苦，他很悲哀。

Heat causes ice to melt.

热使冰融化。

What caused his death?

他的死因为何?

You’ve caused great trouble to all of us.

你给我们大家惹了很大的麻烦。

【同】bring about, lead to, produce

【派】causeless adj.无正当原因的；causer n.[c]起因者，引起者

cave** [keiv] n.[c]

a large hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the ground　洞，穴：

He found four caves on the side of the hill.

他在山坡的一边发现了四个洞穴。

【同】hole

cease** [si:s]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

(formal) to stop or end　停止，中止：

He has ceased from anger.

他已息怒。

I shall never cease to feel/feeling grateful for your favours.

我将永远不忘你的恩惠。

They demanded that these acts of war cease at once.

他们要求立即停止这些战争行动。

That organization has ceased to exist.

那个组织已经不复存在。

【辨】cease, stop:

①cease　和　stop　相比，文学色彩较浓，富有诗意：

She ceased to speak, her eyes closed.

她停下来开始说话，闭着眼睛。

②stop是普通用语：

Please stop smoking.

请停止吸烟。

Ⅱ n. [U]

without cease　不停地，不断地

ceiling** [‘si:liŋ] n.[c]

the top surface of the inside of a room　天花板：

a fly was walking on the ceiling.

一只苍蝇在天花板上爬行。

2. a top limit　上限；最高限度：

The government has put a 10% ceiling on wage increases.

政府已经规定工资增幅的上限是百分之十。

celebrate [‘selibreit] vt.

to do sth. to show that you are happy about sth. that has happened or because it is a special day　庆祝：

We warmly celebrated our National Day.

我们热烈庆祝国庆节。

His deed was celebrated by poets.

他的事迹被诗人所称颂。

【派】celebrated adj.著名的，驰名的；celebrator. n.[c]庆祝的人

celebrity** [si’lebriti] n.

1. [U] fame the state of being famous　名声，著名

2. [c] a famous person　名人，名流

cell** [sel] n.[c]

1. the smallest living part of an animal or a plant　细胞：

Human brains have more than 100 million cells per cubic centimetre.

人脑每立方厘米有一亿多个细胞。

2. a small room in a prison or police station in which a prisoner is locked　小室，小牢房，蜂房：

The criminal was imprisoned in a one-room cell.

这个犯人被关押在单间小牢房里。

3. an apparatus for making a current of electricity by chemical action　电池：

My torch battery is made up of three cells.

我的手电筒里有三节电池。

cent [sent] n.

1. [c] a coin and unit of money worth 1% of the main unit of money in many countries,for example of the US dollar or of the euro　分（尤指美金1元的百分之一）; 分币：

The comb costs 50 cents.

这把梳子卖50美分。

I wouldn’t give a cent.

我一分钱也不给。

2. [U] （作单位的）百：

He spent forty per cent of his salary on books.

他把工资的百分之四十用于买书。

▲per cent/percent　百分之……：

More than 60 per cent students in our class wear glasses.

我班有百分之六十以上的同学戴眼镜。

centimetre/-ter** [‘senti9mi:tə] n.[c]

a unit for measuring length.There are 100 centimetres in one metre　厘米，公分：

The heel of the shoe is eight centimetre/-ters.

这只鞋的后跟是八公分。

central [‘sentrəl] adj.

1. in the centre of an area or object　中心的，中央的：

My house is very central.

我的家很靠近市中心区。

central London　伦敦市中心

2. most important　主要的，核心的，最重要的：

the central idea of an article　文章的主题思想

a central figure　主要人物

The central issue is that of widespread racism.

最重要的问题是种族主义的泛滥。

Reducing inflation is central to the government’s economic policy.

减少通货膨胀是政府经济政策最重要的组成部分。

3. having power or control over other parts　起支配作用的，有控制力的：

the central committee　中央委员会

4. easily reached from many areas　容易到达的，四通八达的：

The flat is very central — just five minutes from Prince Street.

这座公寓位于市中心，离王子街只有五分钟。

【派】centrally adv.向中心，在中央

centre(-ter) [‘sentə]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. the middle point or part of sth.中心，中央：

I hit the centre(-ter) of the target.

我射中了靶心。

the centre(-ter) of a circle　圆心

the centre(-ter) of gravity　重心

She was the centre(-ter) of attention at the party.

她是宴会上大家注意的焦点。

2. the main part of a town or city where there are a lot of shops and offices　中心区：

I bought it in the shopping centre(-ter).

我在商业区买的这东西。

3. a player or position in the middle of a pitch/field,court　中锋

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to direct one’s attention to　集中，使聚集在一点：

all his hopes are centre(-ter)d in his only son.

他把一切希望都寄托在唯一的儿子身上。

Please centre(-ter) your efforts on your study.

请把精力集中在学习上。

2.to think sth. as the most important feature or centre of attention　居中，被置于中心：

The discussion centre(-ter)s on the most important question.

讨论集中在最重要的问题上。

century [‘sentʃuri] n.[c]

a period of 100 years　世纪，百年：

a new century opened.

一个新的世纪开始了。

★ceremony [‘seriməni] n.

（ceremon　敬，礼仪+ -y　名词后缀）

1. [c] a public or religious occasion that includes a series of formal or traditional actions　典礼，仪式：

The prize-giving ceremony took place in the auditorium.

颁奖典礼在大礼堂里举行。

They will hold the graduation ceremony next Friday.

他们将于下周五举行毕业典礼。

perform/attend the opening/closing ceremony　举行/参加开/闭幕式

a presentation ceremony　授予仪式/赠送仪式

2. [U] formal behaviour;traditonal actions and words used on particular formal occasions　礼节，礼仪，礼貌：

People are on ceremony with each other at that place.

那个地方的人们相互讲究礼节。

without ceremony　不拘礼节，不拘形式

certain [‘sə:tn] adj.

(cert　确定，确实+-ain）

1. used with a person’s name to show that the speaker does not know the person　某，某一，某些（只作定语）：

a certain Mr. Jones called while you were out.

你出去时有个琼斯先生打过电话。

on certain conditions　在某些条件下

2. that you can rely on to happen or to be true　一定的，确信的（只作表语）：

You must be certain of your facts collected in your investigation.

你必须肯定你在调查中搜集的事实可靠。

▲for certain　肯定，确定，无疑

make certain (that……) 弄清楚，弄明白

make certain of sth./doing sth. 确保（做某事）

【反】uncertain

【同】sure

certainly [‘sə:tnli] adv.

1. without doubt　一定，必定，无疑，当然：

The glass will certainly break if you drop it.

如果你把玻璃杯掉在地上，它一定会碎的。

2. of course　当然，行：

“are you going to break the rule?”“certainly not.”

“你打算违规吗?”“当然不”。

certificate [sə’tifikit] n.[c]

an official document that may be used to prove that the facts it states are true　证书，执照：

He has a certificate that he is a member of the committee.

他持有证件，证明他是该委员会成员。

This is my teacher’s certificate.

这是我的教师资格证书。

suspend sb.’s certificate　吊销某人的执照

v. to give sb. an official document proving that they have successfully completed a training course　发结业证书

【派】certificated adj.有证书的

chain [tʃein]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] [U] a series of metal rings which are joined together in a line and used for fastening things, supporting weights,decoration etc. 链（条）：

The dog is fastened to a post by a chain.

那条狗被链条拴在柱子上。

a gold watch chain　一条金表链

2. [c] metal chains fastened to the legs and arms of a prisoner, to prevent them from escaping　镣铐（常用复数）：

The prisoners were put in chains.

囚犯被带上了镣铐。

3. [c] a connected series of events or actions, especially which lead to a final result　一连串，一系列：

a chain of events　一连串事件

a chain of mountains　山系，山脉

Ⅱ vt.

to fasten someone or something to something else using a chain, especially in order to prevent them from escaping or being stolen　用链条拴住，束缚：

chain a dog to a tree　把狗拴在树上

▲hotel/restaurant/retail chain　连锁酒店/饭店/零售店

▲be chained to sth. 被……缠身，忙于……:

She was chained to housework.

她被家事缠住了。

chair [tʃɛə]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, with a back, a seat and four legs　椅子：

a folding chair　折椅

an easy chair　安乐椅

2. [c] the position of being in charge of a meeting or committee; the person who holds this position （会议）主席；议长；会长：

She takes the chair in all our meetings.

她主持我们所有的会议。

Ⅱ vt.

to act as the chairman or chairwoman of a meeting, discussion, etc.主持；担任（会议的）主席：

She chaired the department for many years.

她好多年主持系里的工作。

chairman** [‘tʃɛəmən] n.

1. [c] the person in charge of a meeting,who tells people when they can speak （会议的）主席；议长：

The chairman declared the meeting open.

大会主席宣布会议开幕。

2. [c] the person in charge of a committee,a company, etc.会长，委员长；（大学的）系主任：

The chairman of the company presented the annual report.

公司董事长提交了年度报告。

【派】chairmanship n.[U]议长/委员长/会长的职务

chalk [tʃɔ:k] n.

[U] [c] 粉笔：

a piece/stick of chalk　一支粉笔

challenge* [‘tʃælindʒ]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] sth. new and difficult that forces you to make a lot of effort　挑战，具有挑战的事情：

The government will have to meet the challenge of rising unemployment.

政府将不得不面对失业率上升的挑战。

2. [c] a questioning of the rightness, legality etc. of sth.质疑：

It was a direct challenge to the president’s authority.

这是对主席权威的直接挑战。

3. [c] an invitation or a suggestion from sb. to fight, play, argue etc. 邀请比赛：

I accepted/took up his challenge to run a race.

我接受了他提出的和我赛跑的挑战。

Ⅱ vt.

1. to invite sb.to compete against one in a fight, match, etc.向……挑战：

He challenged me to try again.

他向我挑战，要我再试一次。

2. to question whether sth. is right, legal,etc. 对……质疑：

challenge a view　质疑某个观点

3. to test sb.’s ability and skills　考验……的能力：

The job doesn’t really challenge her.

这项工作对她来说并不难。

champion* [‘tʃæmpjən] n.

1. someone or sth. that has won a competition, especially in sport　冠军，得胜者：

a boxing/swimming champion　拳击/游泳冠军

the champion football team　足球锦标队

2. 斗士；拥护者：

a champion of reform　主张改革者

【派】championship n.[c]冠军身份，冠军称号；锦标赛

chance [tʃɑ:ns]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] the possibility that sth. will happen,especially sth. you want　机会：

It’s the chance of lifetime.

这是一生难得的机会。

He has been waiting for the chance to go abroad.

他一直在等待出国的机会。

2. [c] [U] a possibility of sth. happening,especially sth. that you want　可能性，或然性：

What are the chances that we shall succeed?

我们成功的可能性如何?

There is very little chance of its being put into practice.

将这事付诸实施的可能性极小。

3. [U] the way some things happen without being planned or caused by people　偶然性，运气：

Just try your chance.

碰碰运气。

Our meeting was a mere chance.

我们的相遇纯属偶然。

Ⅱ vi.

to happen in a way which is not expected and not planned　碰巧，偶然发生：

I looked out of the window and chanced to see a foreigner passing by.

我向窗外看去，碰巧看到一个外国人从此走过。

Perhaps you might chance (up) on the dictionary at some old bookstall.

或许你会碰巧在旧书摊上买到这本字典。

▲by chance　偶然，碰巧：

I met him by chance yesterday.

昨天我偶然碰见她。

▲take a chance　冒险一试，投机：

He took a dreadful chance flying under the bridge that way.

他冒着可怕的危险从桥下飞过。

change [tʃeindʒ]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] [U] the process or result of sth. or someone becoming different　变化，改变，变更，变迁：

We shall have to make a change in the program.

我们必须将节目内容变动一下。

a sudden change in the weather　天气的突变

2. [U] the money that you get back when you have paid for sth. with more money than it costs　零钱，零头：

pay in small change　以零钱付款

3. [c] the process of replacing sth. with sth. new or different　替代，更换：

a charge of address　地址的变更

4. [c] a situation in which you get off one train, bus, or aircraft and get on another in order to continue yourjourney　换乘；转乘：

Take the subway and make a change at the third station.

搭乘地铁，然后在第三站换车。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to become different, or to make sth. become different　改变、变化：

Times are changing.

时代在变化。

She has changed beyond my recognition.

她变得使我认不出来了。

I will never change my mind.

我决不会改变主意。

2. to put or use sth. new or different in place of sth. else, especially because it is old, damaged, or broken　更换，交换，调换，兑换：

Three boys were changing a tyre by the side of the road.

三个男孩子正在路边换轮胎。

He wants to change seats with me.

他想和我换座位。

Has he got changed?

他更衣了吗?

channel** [‘tʃænl]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. an area of water that connects two larger areas of water　海峡：

The English channel separates France from England.

英吉利海峡把法国和英国分开。

2. a television station and all the programmes that it broadcasts　频道，波段：

What channel is that program on?

那个节目在哪个频道播出?

3. a system or method that you use to send or obtain information, goods, permission etc.路线，途径（常用复数）：

He has secret channels of information.

他有秘密消息的来源。

through the official channels　通过官方渠道

by the normal channels　通过正常途径

Ⅱ vt.

to direct towards a particular purpose　把（钱或精力等）导向（某一特定目的）；引导：

Most of his energy was channeled into writing.

他把大部分精力都放到了写作上。

chaos** [‘keiɔs] n.[U]

a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way and nothing is organized or arranged in order　混沌，混乱：

The town was in chaos after the earthquake.

那城镇在地震后呈现一片混乱。

【派】chaotic adj.无秩序的，乱七八糟的

chapter* [‘tʃæptə] n.[c]

one of the parts into which a book is divided　章，章节，回：

The author devotes the first three chapters to the subject.

作者用前三章阐述这个问题。

character* [‘kæriktə] n.

1. [U] the particular combination of qualities that makes someone a particular type of person　性格，品质：

He is of determined character.

他性格果断。

Weakness of attitude becomes weakness of character.

态度上的弱点会变成性格上的弱点。

2. [U] the particular combination of features and qualities that makes a thing or place different from all others　特性，特征：

The city invested six billion yuan to preserve the character of the old town.

该城市投资六十亿元用于保护古城的特色。

The whole character of the school has changed since he became president.

自从他担任校长以来，这所学校的整体特色已经改变了。

the general/individual character　共/个性

3. [c] a person in a book, play, film etc.人物，角色：

cartoon characters　卡通人物

Who are the main characters in the play?

那出戏的主要角色是哪几个人?

4. [c] a letter, mark, or sign used in writing,printing, or on a computer　字符，（汉）字：

a chinese character　一个汉字

characteristic** [9kæriktə’ristik]

（character　性质+ -istic　形容词后缀）

Ⅰ adj.

very typical of a particular thing or of someone’s character　特有的，独特的，典型的：

Sunny, hot days are the characteristic weather of the summer months.

晴朗、炎热是夏季的典型天气。

It is characteristic of him to say that.

他就是会说那种话的人。

Ⅱ n. [c]

a quality or feature of sth. or someone that is typical of them and easy to recognize　特性，特征，特色：

What characteristics of chinese classical music do you try to show in your playing?

您想在演奏中展示中国古典音乐的什么特色？

charge* [tʃɑ:dʒ]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] the amount of money you have to pay for goods or services　费用，价钱，索价（常用复数）：

hotel charges　旅馆费用

free of charge　免费

2. [U] the position of having control or responsibility for a group of people or an activity　掌管，管理，责任：

I’d like to speak to the person in charge.

我想跟负责人谈谈。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to ask someone for a particular amount of money for sth. you are selling　索价，收费：

We will not charge you for delivery.

我们免费送货。

2. to state officially that someone may be guilty of a crime　控告，指控：

He charged me with neglecting my duty.

他指控我疏忽职责。

She is charged with murdering her husband.

她被控谋害亲夫。

3. to order someone to do sth. or make them responsible for it　使某人承担，委以责任：

The teacher charged the monitor with (the task of) calling the roll.

老师指派班长点名。

4. if a battery charges, or if you charge it,it takes in and stores electricity　充电，使带电：

He had forgotten to charge the battery.

他忘记了给电池充电。

【派】charger n.[c]充电器

▲in charge (of)负责，主管：

The man in charge is away on business.

负责人出差了。

▲take charge of　担任，负责：

Having been elected as the dean, she soon had to take charge of the department.

被选为系主任后，她很快便负责起系里的工作。

charity* [‘tʃæriti]

Ⅰ n.

1. [U] kindness or sympathy that you show towards other people　慈悲，慈爱，宽容：

raise money for charity　为慈善事业筹款

Faith, hope and charity can make the world a better place.

信念、希望和仁慈会使世界变得更美好。

The orphan reads at a charity school.

那个孤儿就读于一所免费学校。

2. [c] the aim of giving money ford help etc. to people who are in need　施舍：

give charity to the poor　赈济穷人

3. [c] charity organizations in general　慈善团体：

He left all his money to charities.

他把所有的钱都捐给了慈善团体。

chart** [tʃɑ:t]

Ⅰ n. [c]

information that is clearly arranged in the form of a simple picture, set of figures,graph etc. or a piece of paper with this information on it　图，图表；航海图，水路图：

a flight chart　航空地图

a sales chart　销售表

Ⅱ vt.

1. to record information about a situation or set of events over a period of time, in order to see how it changes or develops　绘制……的图表

【同】drawing, map

2. to make a plan of what should be done to achieve a particular result　计划：

Each team was responsible for making its own decisions and charting its own course.

每个团队都有责任做出自己的决定，制定自己的路线。

chat* [tʃæt]

Ⅰ vi.

to talk in a friendly, informal way, especially about things that are not important　闲谈，聊天：

I like to chat with her now and then about school life.

我喜欢偶尔和她聊一聊我的学校生活。

Ⅱ n. [c]

an informal, friendly conversation　聊天，闲谈：

We had a long chat in the classroom this morning.

今天早上我们在教室里聊了很长时间。

cheap [tʃi:p]

Ⅰ adj.

1. not at all expensive, or lower in price than you expected　便宜的：

For many, riding a bicycle is the easiest and cheapest way to travel today.

对很多人来说，骑自行车是如今最便捷、最便宜的出行方式。

It is by no means cheap.

这东西毫不便宜。

My trousers are much cheaper than yours.

我的裤子比你的便宜多了。

【反】dear, expensive

2. low in price and quality　低劣的，不值钱的：

The coat may be expensive, but it looks cheap.

这件外衣可能很贵，但它看上去不值钱。

【派】cheaply adv.; cheapness n.

cheat** [tʃi:t]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to trick or deceive someone so that they do not get or keep sth. they have a right to have　欺骗：

People making friends online are afraid of getting cheated.

网上交友的人害怕被骗。

They cheated him into industry.

他们骗他辛苦工作。

2. to behave in a dishonest way in order to win or to get an advantage, especially in a competition, game, or examination　作弊：

He always cheats at cards, which is the only way he can win.

他打牌总是作弊，这是他能够取胜的唯一方法。

It is wrong to cheat in/at examinations.

考试作弊是错误的。

Ⅱ n. [c]

someone who is dishonest and cheats　骗子：

That man is a cheat who would defraud his own mother.

那个人是连自己母亲都欺骗的骗子。

【派】cheater n.[c]骗子

【辨】cheat, deceive:

①cheat是普通用语，指用不诚实的手段以取得所需要的东西，或达到自己所要求的目的，也指在经商中欺骗人：

He would never cheat me.

他决不会骗我。

②deceive指使人相信虚假的事情以隐瞒事实真相：

He deceived his teacher by lying.

他以谎话欺骗老师。

check [tʃek]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to do sth. in order to find out whether sth. really is correct, true, or in good condition　检查，核对：

Please check these figures.

请核对这些数字。

check the tickets.

查票。

2. to suddenly stop yourself from saying or doing sth. because you realize it would be better not to　阻止，控制：

He couldn’t check his anger.

他不能抑制愤怒。

3. to leave your bags at an official place so they can be put on a plane or a train, or to take someone’s bags in order to do this （凭票）托运或寄存：

check your coat at the door.

把你的外套寄存在入口处。

Ⅱ n. [c]

1. a pattern of squares, especially on a piece of cloth　方格图案，格子织物：

Which do you want for your new dress, a stripe or a check?

你要哪种布做新衣服，条子布还是方格布?

a check table cloth　方格桌布

2. [美] the american spelling of cheque　支票（= [英] cheque）：

cash a check　兑现支票

write (out) a check　开支票

3. the process of finding out if sth. is safe,correct, true, or in the condition it should be　检查，核对：

It always pays to give your passage a final check.

最后检查一下你的文章总是有好处的。

【辨】check, examine:

①check　检查，普通用语，强调检查“某物的状况”等：

check a used car thoroughly before buying it.

买旧车前应彻底检查一下。

②examine　检查，指察看或观察以了解情况：

He examined the room.

他检查过这房间。

▲check in　办理登记手续：

Have you checked in at the airport?

你到机场办理登记手续了吗?

▲check out:

①结账后离开：

We have checked out from the hotel.

我们结账后离开了这家旅馆。

②检验，检查合格：

The trainers checked out all right.

实习生们顺利通过了考核。

③办理借出登记手续：

to check a book out of a library.

登记借出一本书

▲check up　校对，检查，检验：

They have sent him to check up on the things here.

他们派他来检查这里的情况。

check up one’s record　查核某人的履历

cheek** [tʃi:k] n.[c]

the soft round part of your face below each of your eyes　面颊，脸蛋：

Tears streamed/ran down her cheeks.

泪水顺着她的面颊流下来。

cheer [tʃiə]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to shout as a way of showing happiness,praise, approval, or support of someone or sth.欢呼，喝彩：

The fans cheer (for) their team.

粉丝们为自己的队欢呼加油。

People crowded in front of the Palace, shouting and cheering.

人们聚集在宫殿前欢呼喝彩。

2. to make someone feel more hopeful when they are worried（使）振奋，（使）高兴：

He was cheered by the good news.

这消息使他感到高兴。

Ⅱ n. [c]

a shout of happiness, praise, approval, or encouragement　喝彩，欢呼：

receive a singer with cheers　以欢呼声欢迎歌手

We gave three cheers for the boys.

我们三次为小家伙们喝彩助威。

▲cheer up　高兴起来，振奋起来：

He cheered up at the sight of his girlfriend.

一见到他的女朋友，他就高兴起来。

I gave him a drink to cheer him up, but in vain.

我给了他一杯饮料想使他振奋起来，但未能奏效。

Nothing can cheer her up.

什么也不能使她高兴。

【派】cheerless adj.惨淡的； cheerful adj.愉快的，高兴的

cheese** [tʃi:z] n.[U]

a solid food made from milk, which is usually yellow or white in colour, and can be soft or hard　乳酪，干酪：

a piece of cheese　一片乳酪

chef** [ʃef] n.[c]

1. a skilled cook, especially the main cook in a hotel or restaurant　主厨，大师傅

2. （一般指）厨师

chemical** [‘kemikl]

Ⅰ adj.

relating to substances, the study of substances,or processes involving changes in substances　化学的：

chemical change　化学变化

chemical reaction　化学反应

chemical compound　化合物

chemical composition　化学成分，化学组成

chemical fertilizer　化肥

chemical weapons　化学武器

Ⅱ n. [c]

a substance used in chemistry or produced by a chemical process （常用复数）化学制品，化学药品：

Often, chemicals used for industrial production cause dangerous forms of waste.

用于工业生产的化学物质通常会产生危险的废弃物。

【派】chemically adv.

chemist** [‘kemist] n.[c]

a scientist who has special knowledge and training in chemistry;化学家；[英] someone trained to prepare drugs and medicines,who works in a shop　药剂师，药商：

a chemist’s shop[英]：a shop where you can buy medicines, beauty products etc　药房

chemistry [‘kemistri] n.[U]

the science that is concerned with studying the structure of substances and the way that they change or combine with each other　化学：

They were doing a chemistry experiment in the chemistry lab.

他们在化学实验室做化学实验。

chess [tʃes] n.[U]

a game for two players, who move their playing pieces according to particular rules across a special board to try to trap their opponent’s king　棋：

have a game of chess　下一盘棋

chest** [tʃest] n.[c]

1. the front part of your body between your neck and your stomach　胸腔，胸膛：

My chest hurts when I breathe.

我呼吸时胸部会痛。

a cold on the chest　伤风

He was shot in the chest.

他胸部中弹。

2. a large strong box that you use to store things in or to move your personal possessions from one place to another　箱，柜：

an ice chest　冰箱

a treasure chest　宝箱

a chest of clothes　一箱衣服

chew** [tʃu:] vt.＆ vi.

to bite food several times before swallowing it　咀嚼，玩味：

chew your food well before you swallow it.

食物在下咽前要嚼烂。

Rose chewed (on) her lip and stared at thefloor.

罗斯咬着嘴唇，眼睛盯着地板。

chicken [‘tʃikin]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] a common farm bird that is kept for meat and eggs　小鸡，雏鸡，雏鸟：

Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.

小鸡未孵出前不要数小鸡。/不要打如意算盘。

2. someone who is not at all brave　胆小鬼：

Don’t be such a chicken!

不要如此懦夫！

3. [U] the meat from this bird eaten as food　鸡肉：

roast chicken　烤鸡

Ⅱ adj.

cowardly　幼小的，胆怯的：

Tom is too chicken to ask her out.

汤姆太胆小了，不敢约她。

chief* [tʃi:f]

Ⅰ adj.

1. most important　主要的，首要的：

What is the chief cause of the accident?

那次事故的主要原因是什么?

the chief problem/reason　主要问题/原因

2. highest in rank　最高的，为首的，首席的：

a chief delegate　首席代表

the chief engineer　总工程师

Ⅱ n. [c]

the most important person, or one of the most important people, in a company or organization — used especially in job titles and in news reports　首长，首领，长官，上司：

army/industry/police chiefs　部队首长/行业巨擘/警察局局长

the chief of a family　一家之长

【派】chiefly adv.主要地，首要地，首先，第一，尤其

child [tʃaild] n.[c]

someone who is not yet an adult (pl.children [‘tʃildrən]）小孩，儿童，幼儿：

The woman was carrying a child in her arms.

那位妇女怀抱孩子。

china* [‘tʃainə] n.[U][c]

a hard white substance produced by baking a type of clay at a high temperature　瓷器；陶瓷（总称）：

a china cup　瓷杯

chinese [tʃain’i:z]

Ⅰ adj.

中国的，中国人的，汉语的

Ⅱ n.

1. [c] 中国人

2. [U] 汉语，中文：

Foreigners find it difficult to learn chinese.

外国人觉得中文很难学。

chocolate [’tʃɔkələt] n.

1. [U] [c] a hard brown sweet ford made from cocoa beans, wed in cooking to add flavour to cakes, etc. or eaten as a sweet candy　巧克力，巧克力糖果，巧克力饮料：

a bar of chocolate　一条巧克力

2. [U] a dark brown color　巧克力色，赭色：

She had chocolate curtains made.

她让人做了赭色窗帘。

choice [tʃɔis]

Ⅰ n.

1. [U] [c] if you have a choice, you can choose between several things　选择，抉择：

You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.

你得在这个玩具和那个玩具之间选择。

I don’t have much choice; I’ll have to do it.

我没有多少选择的余地，只能做这件事了。

2. the person or thing that someone chooses　入选者，精华：

I’m your perfect choice for the talent show.

我是才艺表演的最佳人选。

Which is your choice?

你选哪一个？

3. [c] the range of people or things that you can choose from　供选择的种类，选择项：

We offer a wide choice of courses for students.

我们有各种各样的课程供学生们选择。

Ⅱ adj.

of very good quality　精选的，优等的：

choice goods　上等品

choke** [tʃəuk]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to be unable to breathe properly because sth. is in your throat or there is not enough air　窒息，噎住：

The smoke choked me.

那股烟呛得我几乎窒息。

He choked with anger.

他气得说不出话来。

2. if sth. chokes you, it makes you unable to breathe properly　阻塞，闷死：

The chimney is almost choked (up) with soot.

烟囱几乎被煤烟堵住了。

Ⅱ n. [c]

the sound that someone makes when they cannot breathe properly because sth. is in their throat or there is not enough air　窒息，噎住：

Having given a few chokes, the old man got his breath.

哽咽了几下之后，老人才喘过气来。

choose [tʃu:z]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi. （chose[tʃəuz ], chosen[tʃəuzn ]）

1. to decide which one of a number of things or people you want　选择，挑选：

We can choose between staying at home and taking a trip during this holiday.

今年暑假我们可以选择待在家里或者出游。

There’re quite a lot of delicious dishes to choose from.

有很多可口的饭菜可供选择。

We chose Jim as our group leader/to be our group leader.

我们推选吉姆当组长。

I want to choose her a nice present./I want to choose a nice present for her.

我想挑选一份精美的礼物送给她。

【同】elect, pick, select

【派】chooser n.[c]选择者

【辨】choose, elect, pick, select:

①choose“选择”，普通用语，范围最广：

There are too many hats to choose from.

帽子太多了，不知要选哪个好。

②elect“选举”，指用投票或其他的方法投票：

We selected her to the board of Education.

我们推选她担任教育委员会的委员。

③pick有“选择”、“仔细挑剔”和“苛

刻地选择”等意味，多用于有形的东西上：

We should pick the right person for the task.

我们应该选择合适的人完成这项任务。

④select“选择”，指从同种的许多东西中，加以仔细的与辨别的选择：

You may select whatever you please.

你可以选择你所喜欢的。

2. to decide　决定，甘愿：

You can drop in on me if you choose.

如果你愿意，可以来我家坐坐。

She chose to stay at home watching TV.

她宁愿在家看电视。

Have you chosen when to start?

你已经想好何时动身了吗？

Do just as you choose.

你愿意怎么做就怎么做。

chopstick [‘tʃɔpstik] n. [c]

a pair of thin sticks that are used for sating with ,esp. in some asian countries （一般用于复数形式）筷子

chorus** [‘kɔ:rəs]

Ⅰ vt.

to sing or say at the same time　合唱；异口同声说：

The papers all chorused the praise of the president.

各报不约而同地颂扬总统。

Ⅱ n. [c]

1. a large group of singers　合唱，合唱团，歌舞队：

There will be music groups and a children’s chorus.

届时会有乐队和儿童合唱队表演。

2. a piece of music, usu part of a larger work that is written for a choir　合唱曲：

a chorus of complaints.

一片抱怨声。

▲in chorus　一齐，一致，共同：

“Thank you,” they said in chorus.

“谢谢。”他们齐声说道。

sing in chorus　齐声合唱

christmas [‘krisməs] n.[U]

25 December the day when christians celebrate the birth of christ　圣诞节：

I received a nice present for christmas.

我收到一份精美的圣诞礼物。

(a)Merry christmas!

圣诞节快乐！

church** [tʃə:tʃ] n.

1. [c] a building for public christian worship　教堂：

Mother has gone to church.

妈妈去教堂做礼拜了。

The church is filled with decorations during christmas.

圣诞节期间，教堂装饰得绚丽多彩。

2. [c] religions power as compared with state power　教会；教派：

The church of England　英国教会

3. [U] the religious services held in a church　礼拜仪式：

at/in church　做礼拜

go to church　做礼拜

cigarette** [9siɡə’ret] n.[U]

a thin paper tube of finely cut tabacco for smoking　香烟，纸烟：

the necessity of breaking the cigarette habit　戒烟的必要性

cinema [‘sinəmə] n.

1. [c] a theatre in which films are shown　电影院（[美] movie theater）：

go to the cinema　去看电影

2. the movies　电影，影片（[美] movie）：

Let’s go to the cinema!

咱们去看电影吧！

【同】movie, theater

circle [‘sə:kl]

（cir　圆，环+ le　名词后缀）

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. a completely round shape, like the letter O　圆，圈，圆周：

They formed a circle and started moving around me.圆周：

Draw a circle.

画一个圈。

in a circle　呈圆形

sit in a circle　环坐

2. a group of people who know each other and meet regularly, or who have similar interests or jobs　圈子，集团：

I have a large circle of friends.

我有一大群朋友。

academic circle　学术界

3. a process or chain of events which finishes where it began; cycle　周期，循环：

the circle of seasons　季节循环

a vicious circle　恶性循环

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

to draw a circle around sth.环绕，旋转：

The children circled around their teacher, singing and dancing.

孩子们围着老师，又唱又跳。

Our plane circled the airport for an hour before landing.

我们乘坐的飞机着陆前在机场上空盘旋了一个小时。

The Moon circles the Earth.

月亮环绕地球而转。

circuit** [‘sə:kit]

（cir　圆，环 + -u + -it　走；走环形，圆形）

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. a path that forms a circle around an area,or a journey along this path　环形，巡回，周线：

We made a circuit of the lake.

我们绕湖走了一圈。

The circuit of the city walls is three miles.

该城墙方圆三里。

a circuit court　巡回法庭

2. the complete circle that an electric current travels　电路，线路：

a break in the circuit had caused the lights to go out.

断电使灯全熄灭了。

circumstance** [‘sə:kəmstəns]（circum-周围+ stance　状况）

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. the conditions that affect a situation, action,event etc.情况，形势，环境（常用复数）：

Our circumstances are so desperate that it is uncertain whether we will ever return alive.

我们身陷绝境，都不知道自己能不能活着回去。

circumstances allowing, I’ll go abroad to study.

情况允许的话，我将要出国念书。

【同】case, conditions, situation

2. the combination of facts, events etc. that influence your life, and that you cannot control　境遇，境况（复）：

in good/bad circumstances　境况好/不好

in flourishing circumstances　生活阔绰

circus** [‘sə:kəs] n.[c]

a group of people and animals who travel to different places performing skilful tricks as entertainment　马戏团，马戏场，杂技团，杂技场：

at the circus we saw the animals do tricks.

我们在马戏团看到动物做特技表演。

cite** [sait] vt.

to mention sth. as an example, especially one that supports, proves, or explains an idea or situation　引用，引证，举（例）：

Writers sometimes cite quotations from foreign books.

作家有时引用外国书籍中的语句。

I cited facts before the court.

我在法庭上引证事实。

citizen** [‘sitizən] n.[c]

1.a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country　公民：

Dikenbe became a star in the Nba, and a citizen of the United States.

迪肯贝成了　Nba　篮球明星，并成了美国公民。

2. a person who lives in a particular place　市民；居民：

a citizen of London　伦敦市民

city [‘siti] n.[c]

a large important town　城市，都市：

He adopted that city as his residence.

他选定那个城市作为居住地。

civil** [‘sivl] adj.

（civ　市民+ -il　形容词后缀）

1. relating to the people who live in a country　公民的，市民的：

civil rights　民权

civil servants　公务员

2. relating to the ordinary people or things in a country that are not part of the military, government, or religious organizations　国内的，民间的：

civil life　平民生活

the american civil War　美国内战

3. involving personal legal matters and not criminal law　民事的：

a ~ court　民事法庭

4. polite in a formal but not very friendly way有礼貌的，文明的：

His manner was civil, though not particularly friendly.

他有礼貌，尽管并不怎么友好。

【反】rude

civilian** [si’viljən]

Ⅰ n. [c]

anyone who is not a member of the military forces or the police　平民，文职人员，一般市民：

soldiers and civilians　士兵和平民

Ⅱ adj.

平民的，文职人员的，一般市民的：

a civilian life　平民生活

a civilian pilot　民航飞行员

civilian clothes　平民衣着

civilization (civilisation)** [9sivilai’zeiʃən] n.[U]

an advanced stage of human development marked by a high level of art. religion,science, and social and political organization　文明，文化：

athens, the capital of Greece, is known as the birthplace of Western civilis(a)ztion.

希腊首都雅典作为西方文明的发源地而闻名遐迩。

claim** [kleim]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. a right to do sth. or to have sth., especially because it belongs to you or because you deserve it　权利，要求权，所有权：

Does anyone make a claim to this purse?

有没有人认领这个钱包？

They claimed me five dollars for a cup of coffee.

他们一杯咖啡向我要五美元。

He advised against claiming a higher price.

他建议不要索取更高的价钱。

【同】ask, demand, request, require

2. an official request for money that you think you have a right to　索赔要求：

He put in a claim for compensation.

他提出赔偿要求。

You have no claim on me.

你没有权利对我提出任何要求。

3. 主张，断言：

The government’s claim that war was necessary was clearly mistaken.

政府声称战争是必要的，这显然是错误的。

Ⅱ vt.

1. to officially demand or receive money from an organization because you have a right to it　要求，认领，索赔：

He claimed damages against the driver.

他要求司机赔偿损失。

Has anyone claimed this watch?

有人来认领这只表吗?

They claimed the reward.

他们要求奖赏。

2. to state that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved　声称，主张：

Scientists are claiming a major breakthrough in the fighting against cancer.

科学家称在抗癌领域取得了重大突破。

3. (of a disaster, an accident, etc.) to cause sb.’s death　夺走，夺去（生命）

The car crash claimed three lives.

那次撞车事故导致三人死亡。

clap* [klæp]

Ⅰ n. [c]

the loud sound that you make when you hit your hands together many times to show that you enjoyed sth.拍（手），掌声，霹雳声：

The audience gave him a clap.

听众向他鼓掌。

after lightning a clap of thunder may be heard.

闪电后能听到雷声。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

if you clap your hands, you hit your hands together a few times to attract someone’s attention or to show that you are pleased　拍手；拍，轻拍：

as the president ended his speech, we clapped politely.

校长演讲完毕，我们礼貌地鼓掌。

The child clapped his hands with delight.

这孩子高兴地拍手。

clarify** [‘klærifai] vt.

（clari　清楚，明白+ -fy　动词后缀，使……）

to make sth. clearer or easier to understand　澄清，讲清楚，使清澈，使纯净：

clarify matters　澄清真相

You can clarify this question if you study british history.

研究一下英国历史，你就能够弄明白这个问题。

【同】clean

class [klɑ:s]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. a group of students who are taught together　班级，年级：

My brother heads his class.

我弟弟在班上名列第一。

2. a period of time during which someone teaches a group of people, especially in a school　课：

I can’t meet my class this afternoon.

我今天下午不能来上课。

3. one of the groups in a society that different types of people are divided into according to their jobs, income,education　阶级，阶层：

Members of the working class have blue collar jobs.

工人阶级做“蓝领”工作。

4. a group of people, animals, or things that are considered together because they are similar in some way　种类，等级：

There used to be first class, second class and third class carriages on the train in britain.

英国火车从前分为一等、二等、三等车厢。

Ⅱ vt.

to consider people, things etc. as belonging to a particular group, using an official system　把……分类/分等：

to class one thing with another　将甲物与乙物归为一类

This animal was classed with the vertebrates.

这种动物被列入脊椎动物类。

The critic classed her with the best writers of the present age.

那位评论家把她列为当代第一流的作家。

classic** [‘klæsik]

（class　级别+ -ic　形容词后缀）

Ⅰ adj.

1. of excellent quality　最好的，第一流的：

What is classic literature?

什么是经典文学？

classic service　一流服务

2. having all the features that are typical or expected of a particular thing or situation　成为典范的，典型的：

the classic symptoms of a cold　感冒的典型症状

Ⅱ n. [c]

a book film/movie or song which is well known and considered to be of very high quality, setting standards for other books, etc.第一流的作家，古典，经典作品：

a classic is a literary work that has stood the test of time.

名著是经过时间检验的文学作品。

a literary classic　文学名著

★classical [‘klæsikəl] adj.

a book, play, or film that is important and has been admired for a long time　经典的，古典的，古典文学的：

classical music　古典音乐

Susan enjoys classical music while her little brother likes pop music.

苏珊喜爱古典音乐，而她的弟弟喜欢流行音乐。

classmate [‘klɑ:smeit] n.[c]

a person who is or was in the same class as you at school or college where a class of children or students is taught　同班同学

classroom [‘klɑ:sru:m] n.[c]

a type of heavy, sticky earth that becomes hard when it is baked and is used to make things such as pots and bricks　教室，课堂

clay** [klei] n.[U]

黏土，泥土：

The teapot is made of clay.

这茶壶由黏土制成。

clean [kli:n]

Ⅰ adj.

1. without any dirt, marks etc.清洁的，干净的：

There the air is clean and the mountains are green.

那里空气干净，山野翠绿。

clean clothes　清洁的衣服

【同】clear, neat

2. done in a fair and legal way　清白的：

He has a clean record.

他没有前科。

keep a clean tongue　不说下流话

3. having a clean appearance and habits　爱干净的：

cats are clean animals.

猫是爱干净的动物。

Ⅱ vt.

to make sth. free from dirt or dust by washing or rubbing it　打扫，使干净：

Have you cleaned your teeth?

你刷牙了吗？

【派】cleaner n.[c]清洁工人，干洗者

clear [kliə]

Ⅰ adj.

1. expressed in a simple and direct way so that people understand　清晰的，明白的：

Keep a clear mind.

保持清醒的头脑。

2. clean and fresh, without clouds or mist　晴朗的：

The sky became clear after the rain.

雨过天晴。

a clear day　晴朗的日子

3. easy to see through, rather than coloured or dirty　清澈的，明亮的：

the clear water of a lake　清澈的湖水

clear eyes　明亮的眼睛

4. not covered or blocked by anything that stops you from doing or seeing what you want　畅通的，无阻的：

a clear view　开放的视野

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to make somewhere emptier or tidier by removing things from it　扫清，清除：

The students were clearing streets of snow/clearing snow from the streets.

学生们在清除街上的积雪。

My two daughters clear the table in turn.

我的两个女儿轮流收拾桌子。

2. if a liquid clears, it becomes more transparent and you can see through it　使清澈，使清楚：

The river cleared up gradually.

河水逐渐变得清澈了。

I want to clear my mind about that matter.

我想弄清楚那件事情。

3. when the sky or the weather clears, it becomes brighter and free of cloud or rain （天气）转晴；（烟雾等）消散；（液体）变清澈：

The sky cleared after the storm.

暴风雨过后，天转晴了。

4. to move freely again; to no longer be blocked　恢复通畅：

The traffic took a long time to clear after the accident.

事故发生后很长时间交通才恢复畅通。

Ⅲ adv.

1. in a clear matter　清楚地，明白地

2. completely; all the way　十分地，完全地：

you can see clear to the mountains today!

今天你们可以一直看到山那边！

She shouted loud and clear in order to make herself heard.

她大声喊出来以使别人听清楚。

▲clear away　扫除，收拾：

We must clear away the rubbish.

我们必须清除垃圾。

▲clear up

①整理，收拾：

Who’s going to clear up the mess?

谁来整理这些东西？

Please clear up your desk before you leave the office.

下班前请整理好你的办公桌。

②清除，解除，澄清：

Misunderstanding between us has been cleared up.

我们之间的误会已经清除。

③（天气）变晴：

The weather having cleared up, we can play basketball.

天气晴朗了，我们可以打篮球了。

clerk** [klɑ:k]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. 职员，办事员，秘书：

a bank clerk　银行职员

an office clerk　办事员

2. a person whose job is dealing with people arriving at or leaving a hotel　旅店服务台接待员：

3. a person who works in a shop selling things[美] 店员，销售员（[英] shop assistant）

Ⅱ vi. [美]

to act or work as a clerk　当店员：

She not only clerked, but also helped in the home.

她不但在商店做店员，而且在家里帮做家务。

clever [‘klevə] adj.

1. able to learn and understand things quickly　聪明的，伶俐的：

It’s clever of you to follow your teacher’s advice.

你听从老师的劝告真是聪明。

2. skilful at doing a particular thing　灵巧的，擅长的，熟练的：

He is clever at maths.

他擅长数学。

My sister is clever with her fingers.

我姐姐手指灵巧。

3. done or made in an unusual or interesting way that is very effective　机敏的，精巧的：

a clever speech　机敏的谈话

Quite a clever book, isn’t it?

这本书挺不错，对吗？

【同】bright, brilliant, intelligent, smart, wise

【反】dull

【派】cleverly adv.聪朗地，灵巧地；cleverness n.[U]

click* [klik]

Ⅰ n. [c]

咔嗒声

Ⅱ vt.

使发出咔嗒声

Ⅲ vi.

发出咔嗒声：

The door clicked shut.

门咔哒一声关上了。

1. [c] [U] 气候：

The island has a cold climate.

这个岛上气候寒冷。

The climate of north china is enjoyable in spring.

华北的春天气候宜人。

2. [c] （具有某种气候的）地区，水土，风土：

I like to live in a warm climate.

我喜欢住在温暖的地区。

3. [c] [U] 风气，社会思潮：

a climate of political unrest　动荡的政治气候

climb [klaim]

Ⅰ n. [c]

爬；攀登：

He made a difficult climb.

他做了一次艰难的攀登。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

爬，攀登：

The cat climbed that tree quickly.

猫很快就爬上了那棵树。

He climbed up a mountain for a view.

他登山眺望。

client** [‘klaiənt]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. （律师等的）当事人，委托人：

a lawyer with many clients　客户众多的律师

2. （商店等的）客人，顾客

climate* [‘klaimit]

（clim　气候+ -ate　名字后缀）

Ⅰ n.

clinic** [‘klinik] n. [c]

（clin　床+ -ic　名词后缀：临床诊治的地方）

诊所，门诊部：

a dental clinic　牙科诊所

clock [klɔk]

Ⅰ n. [c]

时钟，计时器：

The clock gains/loses.

钟快/慢了。

What does the clock say?

（时钟）现在几点？

Ⅱ vt.

为（比赛等）计时，为（运动员）按秒表

【派】clocker n.[c] 计时员

▲around/round the clock　昼夜不停地：

They sometimes have to work around the clock.

他们有时得昼夜不停地工作。

clone** [kləun]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. 无性繁殖的个体；克隆：

The new law would make it illegal to produce a human clone.

新法律将规定制造克隆人是非法的。

2. （非正式）一模一样的东西（或人）

3. 仿制机；兼容机

Ⅱ vt.

使无性繁殖；克隆：

They were the first to clone a sheep from adult cells.

他们是首批用成熟的细胞克隆出绵羊的人。

close [kləuz]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to shut sth. in order to cover an opening,or to become shut in this way　关，闭，合上：

beth closed her eyes and tried to sleep.

贝丝闭上眼睛想睡觉。

The box doesn’t close properly.

这箱子关不拢。

This road is closed to heavy motor traffic.

此路禁止重型车辆通行。

The door closed with a bang.

门砰的一声关上了。

2. to end or to make sth. end, especially in a particular way　结束，了结：

The chairman closed his lecture with a humorous anecdote.

主席以一则幽默轶事结束了讲话。

close a discussion　结束讨论

The meeting closed at four.

会议在四点结束了。

Ⅱ n.

结束，了结（只用单数）：

The crowd began to leave before the close of the game.

比赛结束前人群开始离去。

The task was brought to a successful close.

任务已圆满结束。

Ⅲ adj. [kləus]

1. decided by a very small difference　势均力敌的：

a close match near in space or time　不相上下的比赛

2. 近的，接近的：

Their birthdays are very close together.

他们的生日挨得很近。

3. 严密的：

all of them wanted to be the first to get a close look at Mount Vesuvius.

他们所有人都想第一个仔细看维苏威火山。

4. 紧密的：

close planting　密植的

live in close quarters　住在密集的住宅区

5. 不公开的，秘密的：

You needn’t be close about that matter.

你没必要对那件事保守秘密。

He keeps his past close.

他对他的过去保密。

Ⅳ adv. [kləus]

接近，紧密：

One misfortune followed close another.

不幸的事情接踵而来。

come closer to me.

靠近我一点。

【辨】close, near:

①close　可指空间上、时间上或次序上的接近，也可表示感情上的接近：

The two houses are close.

这两座房子靠得很近。

②near指位置或程度相差不远，或不久将发生的事，也可指感情或关系上的接近：

What is the nearest way to the railway station?

到火车站走哪条路最近?

cloth** [klɔθ]

Ⅰ n.

1. [U]布，织物，衣料：

cut the coat according to the cloth.

量体裁衣。

a piece of cloth is spread on the table.

桌上铺着一块布。

cotton cloth　棉布

woolen cloth　呢绒

2. [c] （一块）布，台布：

They handed each of us a hot wet cloth to wipe our hands.

他们递给我们每个人一块温热的湿布擦手。

I found him a clean face cloth.

我给他找了一块干净的洗脸毛巾。

He bought a dish cloth.

他买了一块洗碟布。

clothes [kləuðz] n.

衣服（复数）：

put on/take off clothes　穿/脱衣服

Fine clothes make the man.

佛要金装，人要衣装。

a policeman in plain clothes　便衣警察

put on a suit of new clothes　穿上一套新装

【同】dress, uniform

clothing** [‘kləuðiŋ] n.

clothes, especially a particular type of clothes　衣服，衣类（总称）：

No matter where we are, we always have food, clothing, and shelter as well as people who love us.

无论身在何处， 我们都有食物、衣服和住处，还有关爱我们的人。

food, clothing and shelter　衣食住

cloud [klaud]

Ⅰ n.

1. [c][U]云：

The clouds soon cleared away.

乌云很快消散了。

The whole city is in the clouds of dust.

全城笼罩在烟尘中。

2. [c]云状物：

a mushroom cloud　蘑菇云

3. [c] 一大群：

a cloud of flies/bees/locusts　一大群苍蝇/蜜蜂/蝗虫

a cloud of arrows　箭如飞蝗

4. [c] 遮暗物，阴影：

the clouds of war　战争乌云

under the cloud of night　夜色朦胧中

Ⅱ v.

1. to become covered with clouds　被云覆盖：

The slay clouded over and it started to rain.

天空阴云密布并下起了雨。

2. to become less clear or transparent　变模糊：

The steam has clouded the windows up.

水蒸气使窗玻璃变得模糊不清。

3. to make uncertain uncleaer, confused,etc.

使混乱

【派】cloudless adj.无云的

cloudy [‘klaudi] adj.

1. 多云的.阴天的：

It’s cloudy today.

今天是阴天。

a cloudy moon　被云遮住的月亮

2. 混浊的，模糊的：

a cloudy mirror　模糊的镜子

a cloudy liquid　浑水

cloudy memory　模糊的记忆

club [klʌb] n.[c]

1. 俱乐部，社团，会，部：

join a club　加入俱乐部

a fitness/movie club　健身/电影俱乐部

2. 棍棒，球棒，警棍：

He hit the dog with a club.

他用棍棒打那只狗。

clue** [klu:] n.[c]

information that helps you understand the reasons why sth. happens　线索，暗示，迹象：

give a clue to sth. 提供某事的线索

【同】evidence, sign

coach [kəutʃ]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. （铁路）客车：

I found him in the next coach.

我在下一节车厢找到了她。

2. 长途公共汽车，大客车：

leave by coach to Yinan county.

乘长途汽车去沂南县。

3. 辅导员，教练，家庭教师：

a head coach　主教练

【同】teacher, trainer

Ⅱ vt.

辅导，指导，教练：

He coached her for an examination.

他指导她准备考试。

I offered to coach him English.

我主动辅导他学英语。

coal [kəul] n.

1. [U] 煤：

Put some coal in the fire.

往火中加点炭。

cut coal　采煤

raw coal　原煤

soft/hard coal　烟/无烟煤

coking coal　炼焦煤

brown coal　褐煤

2. [c] 煤块：

a hot/live coal　燃烧中的煤块

coast [kəust] n.[c]

海岸，海滨：

Why not take them for a walk along the coast?

为什么不带他们沿着海边散散步呢？

off the coast　在海上

【辨】bank, beach, coast, shore:

①bank　主要指河流之岸：

There are trees all along the river banks.

河流两岸都是树。

②beach　主要指海滩，也指湖和大河的岸：

They were enjoying themselves on the beach.

他们在海滩上玩得痛快。

③coast指海洋与陆地相接的线，即海岸线：

columbus believed that this island was near the coast of asia.

哥伦比亚认为这个岛屿就在亚洲海岸附近。

④shore常指海、河、湖的岸，也指近海一带，不一定是岸边：

The ship was driven on shore and went to pieces.

这船撞到岸上而破碎。

coat [kəut]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1.上衣，外套：

try on/take off a coat　试穿/脱下外套

2. 皮毛，表皮：

The dog has smooth coat.

那只狗毛皮很柔顺。

3. 层，涂层：

This woodwork has had its final coat of paint.

这件木器已上完最后一道漆。

Ⅱ vt.

涂上，盖上，包上：

coat the fish with flour.

给鱼裹上一层面粉。

coffee [‘kɔfi] [U]

1. 咖啡：

make coffee　煮/泡咖啡

black/white coffee　清/牛奶咖啡

strong/weak coffee　浓/淡咖啡

2. 咖啡色

coin [kɔin]

Ⅰ n. [c] [U]

硬币，钱币：

could you change the dollar bill for coin(s)?

你能把这张一美元的钞票换成硬币吗？

The bank clerk counted out five dollars in coin.

银行职员点出五美元硬币。

Ⅱ vt.

1. 铸造（货币）：

He is coining money.

他正在发大财。

2. 创造（新词）：

a newcoined word has come into appearance in magazines.

杂志上已出现一个新造字。

【同】create, invent, make up

【派】coiner n.[c]造币者，伪造货币者

cold [kəuld]

Ⅰ n.

1. [U]寒冷：

I couldn’t move my legs because of the cold.

因为天气很冷，我的脚都冻僵了。

The girl is quivering from cold.

这女孩冷得发抖。

2. [c] 感冒：

I’ve got a heavy/bad cold.

我患了重感冒。

Ⅱ adj.

1. 寒冷的：

Today is the coldest day of this winter.

今天是今冬最冷的一天。

2. 冷淡的：

a cold look　冰冷的表情

【反】hot

collapse** [kə’læps]（col　一起+ lapse　倒）

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

if a building, wall etc. collapses, it falls down suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged　倒坍，崩溃，瓦解，垮台：

Having been attacked by terrorists, the tall building collapsed.

遭受到恐怖分子袭击后，大厦倒塌了。

The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.

屋顶因承受不了雪的重压而塌陷了。

Our plans collapsed.

我们的计划失败了。

Ⅱ n. [U][c]

a sudden failure in the way sth. works, so that it cannot continue　倒坍，崩溃，垮台，失败：

economic collapse　经济崩溃

【同】break down, crash, fail, fall down

collar** [‘kɔlə] n.[c]

1. 衣领：

He turned up his coat collar to keep out the wind.

他翻起大衣领子以便挡风。

2. 环状物，（狗等的）项圈

collect [kə’lekt] vt. ＆ vi.

（col　一起+ lect　收集）

1. to get things of the same type from different places and bring them together　收集，聚集：

collect data/evidence/information　收集数据/证据/信息

2. to come together gradually to form a group　聚集，堆积，集合：

Dirt has collected in the corners of the room.

屋子的角落里积满了灰尘。

3. to come to a particular place in order to take someone or sth. away　领取，接走：

I’ve got to collect the children from school.

我得去学校接孩子。

4. to get money that you are owed　收（税）：

We volunteered to collect money to help the victims of the earthquake.

我们主动筹钱帮助这次地震中的受害者。

【同】gather

【反】distribute

【辨】collect, gather:

①collect指有计划和选择的集合，有形成整体秩序的含义。指为科学目的而集合事物，又指向人征集金钱等：

He collected information from many sources.

他从多方面搜集消息。

② gather　一般用语，指聚集花草、果实、财产、金钱、散失的书籍和消息等：

She gathered flowers from the garden.

她从花园里采摘花朵。

collection** [kə’lekʃən] n.

1. [U] [c] 收集，收藏（品），采集：

The first stage in research is data collection.

研究工作的第一步是数据搜集。

He will show his private collection of paintings in the art exhibition.

他将把他的私人藏画在美术展览会上陈列。

2. [c] 募捐：

make/take up a collection for　为……募款

3. [c] 堆积，聚集：

a collection of dust　灰尘堆

college [‘kɔlidʒ] n.[c]

1.学院：

There are many colleges at Oxford and cambridge.

牛津大学和剑桥大学有许多学院。

2. 大学：

at college　上大学时

go to college　上大学

3. 学会，社团：

the college of Physicians　医师协会

4. 专栏：

I would like the magazine to have three columns: News, Teachers’ advice and Students’ Voice.

我希望这份杂志有三个栏目：“新闻”、“教师建议”和“学生之声”。

【派】columnist n.[c]报刊专栏作者

colo(u)r [‘kʌlə]

Ⅰ n.

1. [U] [c] 颜色，色彩，色调：

warm/cold colo(u)rs　暖/冷色

2. 颜料（常用复）：

water/oil colo(u)rs　水彩/油画颜料

3. [U] 肤色：

a person of colo(u)r有色人种/非白种人

Ⅱ vt.

给……着色，染：

They coloured the wall white.

他们把墙刷白了。

She colo(u)red the picture with a yellow crayon.

她用黄蜡笔给画着色。

column** [‘kɔləm] n.[c]

1. 圆柱：

columns in the temple　寺庙中的圆柱

the carved columns in the temple　寺庙中的雕刻圆柱

2. 柱状物：

a column of smoke streamed out of the chimney.

从烟囱中喷出一股烟柱。

3. 列：

In the first two columns list your sources of income.

在前面两列写出收入来源。

a column of soldiers　一纵队士兵

combine** [kəm’bain]

（com　在一起+ -bine　二：合二为一）

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to have two or more different features or qualities at the same time （使）结合，（使）联合：

Theory must be combined with practice.

理论必须同实践相结合。

2. if you combine two or more different things, or if they combine, they begin to exist or work together （使）化合：

Steel is produced by combining iron with carbon.

钢是把铁加碳混合炼制而成的。

Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.

氢和氧化合成水。

3. 兼有，兼备（各种性质等）：

This is a combined bridge.

这是一座铁路和公路两用桥。

Ⅱ n. [c] [‘kɔmbain]

（为某种目的而联合的）集团，结合体，联合企业

come [kʌm] vi.

(came [keim], come)

1. 来，来到：

The National Day is coming soon.

国庆节很快就要到了。

come here!

到这里来!

2. 出现，产生：

Love will come in time.

日久生情。

Nothing comes of grumbling.

发牢骚于事无补。

3. 是，成为：

His wish to go to college has come true.

他想上大学的愿望已实现。

4. 出身于，来自：

He comes from a noble family.

他出身于贵族家庭。

5. 终于……，开始……：

You will come to realize your mistake someday.

总有一天你会认识到你的错误的。

▲come about　发生：

Please tell me how the accident come about.

请告诉我事故是怎么发生的。

Do you know how the phrase came about?

你知道这个成语是怎么来的吗?

▲come across （偶然）遇见：

When reading articles related to science, we often come across difficult or unfamiliar words.

读与科学相关的文章时，我们常常碰到难词或生词。

▲come by　得到：

Money that is easily come by is lightly valued.

容易得来的钱是不会被珍惜的。

Jobs are hard to come by with so many people out of work.

这么多人失业，工作很难找。

▲come into effect　实施，生效：

The new law came into effect.

新法令已实施。

【同】be carried out

▲come off

①实现，成功：

The scheme nearly came off.

这个阴谋差一点得逞了。

②发生；举行：

The match came off yesterday.

比赛昨天举行。

▲come on

①来吧，快点：

come on, get these things away while I make the tea.

快点，你把这些东西拿走，我去沏茶。

②开始，来临：

It came on to rain soon after midnight.

午夜之后不久就开始下雨了。

③进展，发展：

I hope his plans are coming on all right.

我希望他的计划进展顺利。

④演出，出台：

Harry Potter 7 is coming on at the Huaxing cinema next week.

《哈利波特7》下周将在华星影院上演。

▲come out

①出版，刊出：

The magazine comes out twice a month.

这份杂志每月出版两期。

②出现，显露，长出：

It came out that she’s been stealing from her friend.

她一直偷朋友的东西，现在被发现了。

The truth has come out at last.

真相终于大白。

③开花，发芽：

Spring is here; trees turn green, and flowers come out.

春天来了，树木变绿，花儿开放。

④结果是，结局是：

My calcu1ation came out wrong.

我计算错误。

⑤洗掉，褪色：

The ink stains won’t come out.

这些墨水印洗不掉。

▲come over

①来访，从远处来：

Won’t you come over to England for a holiday?

你不来英国度假吗?

He is coming over to see us.

他一会儿就来看我们。

【同】call at, call in, call on, look in, look up,see, stay at, stay with, visit

②（一阵感觉）突然掠过，产生（某种情绪变化等）：

a look of disappointment came over her face.

她脸上显出失望的样子。

▲come round/around

①来访：

I’m very much obliged to you for coming round.

非常感谢你的来访。

②苏醒，复原：

With water splashed on his face, he soon came round.

脸上泼了水后，他不久就苏醒了。

③回心转意：

Now I’ve come round to your point of view.

现在我转而同意你的观点了。

④（时间）到来（主要指隔一段时间会来一次的东西，如节假日、季节等）：

The leap year comes round once in four years.

每四年有一个闰年。

▲come through

①（从重病中）复原，度过，脱险：

With so much blood lost, she was lucky to come through.

失了那么多血，她竟然复原了，真是幸运。

②（消息）到达，（某人用电话）联络过来

▲come to

①总计，达到：

His earnings come to 200,000 dollars a year.

他每年能挣二十万美元。

②苏醒，恢复知觉：

She was unconscious, but came to after a little while.

她失去了知觉，但一会儿就苏醒过来了。

▲come true　实现，达到：

The girl’s wish to become a film star has come true.

那女孩想当电影明星的愿望实现了。

▲come up

①走近，上来：

a beggar came up and asked us for money.

一个乞丐走上前来，向我们讨钱。

②发生，被提出：

The problem of drug-taking came up at yesterday’s conference.

吸毒的问题在昨天的会议上被提出来了。

▲come up to　达到，符合：

The goods failed to come up to the required standard.

这些商品不符合标准。

Your work has not come up to my expectations.

你的工作没有达到我的期望。

▲come up with　提出，提供，赶上，追上：

He kept working hard, coming up with new and good ideas.

他一直努力工作，总是提出新且好的见解。

I came up with him at last.

我终于赶上了他。

【同】advance, hold out, offer

comedy** [‘kɔmidi] n.[c][U]

喜剧：

a musical comedy　歌舞剧

The big bang Theory is a highly successful TV comedy.

《生活大爆炸》是一部极为成功的电视喜剧。

comfort** [‘kʌmfət]

（com- 加强意义+ fort　强壮：使在精神上强壮起来）

Ⅰ n.

1. [U] if someone or sth. gives you comfort,they make you feel calmer, happier,or more hopeful after you have been worried or unhappy　安慰，慰问：

We find comfort in giving care and receiving care in return.

我们在给予关怀和得到关怀中找到安慰。

That is cold comfort.

那是无用的安慰。

2. [U] a feeling of being physically relaxed and satisfied, so that nothing is hurting you, making you feel too hot or cold etc. 舒适，安逸：

Walk out of your comfort zone and try new things!

走出我们的舒适区，尝试新事物！

3. [c] someone or sth. that helps you feel calmer, happier, or more hopeful after you have been worried or unhappy　给予安慰的人（或物），使人舒适的事物：

a hot cup of milk on a cold night is a real comfort.

在寒冷的夜晚喝杯热牛奶真舒服。

The hotel has all modern comforts.

这家旅馆有各种现代的舒适设备。

Ⅱ vt.

安慰，使舒适：

The child ran to its mother to be comforted.

那孩子跑到妈妈身边以得到安慰。

【反】bother, discomfort

【派】comforter n.[c]①安慰者 ②长羊毛围巾 ③棉被；comfortless adj.无安慰的，不舒适的

comfortable [‘kʌmfətəbl] adj.

舒适的，自然的，安逸的：

a comfortable bed/hotel　舒适的床/宾馆

Now he is living a comfortable life.

现在他过着舒适的生活。

Please make yourself comfortable.

请随意。

【反】uncomfortable, miserable

【派】comfortableness n.[V]舒适，安慰；comfortably adv. 愉快地；舒服地，安乐地，宽裕地

comic** [‘kɔmik]

Ⅰ adj.

喜剧的；连环画的；滑稽的，好笑的：

The novel is comic and tragic.

这部小说令人笑中带泪。

Ⅱ n. [c]

连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物；滑稽新闻

comment** [‘kɔment]

（com-加强意义+ ment　思考：思考/研究/对一题目研究后提出自己的看法）

Ⅰ n.

1. [c] sth. that you say or write in order to give your opinion　注释，解释：

No comment.

无可奉告。

2. [c] an opinion that you express about someone or sth.评论：

He made several comments on the book.

他对这本书作了若干评论。

3. [c] [U] criticism or discussion of sth. someone has said or done　意见，闲话：

Her strange behaviour caused a good deal of comment.

她的古怪行为引起了很多议论。

Ⅱ vi. ＆ vt.

to express an opinion about sth.注释，评论，解释：

I don’t want to comment on his actions.

我不想对他的行为进行评论。

comment on a text　对原文作注释

【同】explain, remark

commercial** [kə’mə:ʃəl] adj.

related to business and the buying and selling of goods and services　商业的，商务的，贸易的：

commercial radio/TV/channel　商业电台/电视/频道

a commercial college　商学院

a commercial counsellor　商务参赞

a commercial traveler　旅行推销员

a commercial course　商业课程

commercial art　商业美术

commit** [kə’mit] vt.

（com-加强意义+mit　委派）

1. to do sth. wrong or illegal　犯（错误），干（坏事）：

commit murder/a crime/a mistake　杀人/犯罪/犯错

2. to say that someone will definitely do sth. or must do sth.使承担义务，使做出保证：

He has committed himself to supporting his brother’s children.

他已答应负责养育兄弟的孩子。

commitment** [kə’mitmənt] n.

1. [U] a strong belief in an idea or system　信奉；拥护：

The government has failed to demonstrate its commitment to the railways.

政府未能证明它对铁路的支持。

2. [c] [U] sth. that you have promised you will do or that you have to do　承诺；允诺：

She has made a commitment to going bottle-free.

她已经承诺不饮用瓶装水。

He’s a man who believes in honoring his commitment.

他是个信守诺言的人。

3. [U] a promise to do sth. or to behave in a particular way　热情；决心：

I am delighted with the level of commitment you have all shown.

我对你们表现出的高度热情感到高兴。

▲make a commitment (to do sth.) 答应做某事：

We’ve made a commitment to help, and we will.

我们已经答应帮忙，就一定会做到的。

committee** [kə’miti] n.[c]

（commit　委托+ -tee　名词后缀）

委员会，全体委员：

The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.

委员会已决定辞退他。

We can communicate with people in most parts of the world by telephone.

我们可以用电话与世界上大多数地区的人交流。

common [‘kɔmən] adj.

（com-共同+ mon　公众：公众共有的）

1. 普通的，平常的：

common sense常识

It’s common for people to wear masks in foggy days.

在雾天人们戴口罩很常见。

【同】ordinary, plain, simple, usual

2. 共有的，公共的，共同的：

the common goal　共同目标

common property　公共财产

【派】commonly adv.通常，平常；commonness n.

▲in common　共用，共有，共同：

They have nothing in common with each other.

他们彼此没有任何共同之处。

communicate** [kə’mju:nikeit] vt.＆ vi.

1. to express your thoughts and feelings clearly, so that other people understand them, convey　传达，传送，通知：

a teacher must be able to communicate effectively to students.

教师必须能够有效地向学生传达思想。

2. to exchange information or conversation with other people, using words, signs,writing etc.通讯，通信，交流：

communicate information to sb.

向某人传递信息

Deaf people communicate by sign language.

聋人靠手语交流。

communication [kəˌmju:ni’keiʃən] n.

1. [U] the process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts and feelings　通讯，传达，传送，交流：

Good communication skills include learning body language.

良好的沟通技巧包括学会使用身体语言。

2. [U] [c] 交通：

big cities usually have excellent communications.

大都市通常具有完备的交通网。

a world communications network　世界性通讯网

communist** [‘kɔmjunist]

Ⅰ n. [c]

共产主义者，共产党员

Ⅱ adj.

共产主义的，共产党员的：

the communist Party of china　中国共产党

community [kə’mju:niti] n.

1. [c] 社会，社区：

community service/spirit　社区服务/精神

the sense of community　社区归属感

2. [c] 共同体：

the European community　欧洲共同体

companion** [kəm’pænjən] n.[c]

1. someone you spend a lot of time with,especially a friend　同伴，伙伴，共事者，伴侣：

a travelling/drinking/dinner companion　旅伴/酒友/饭友

He is my companion in misfortune.

他是我的患难朋友。

a companion in arms　战友

a lifelong companion　终身的朋友

a good companion while travelling　旅行期间的好同伴

2. used in the titles of books about a particular subject　入门（书），指南，手册：

Teacher’s companion to English　英语教参

company* [‘kʌmpəni] n.

（com-共同+ pany　面包）

1. [c] 公司，商号：

run a company　经营一家公司

set up/start a company　开办公司

2. [U] 陪伴，同伴：

a man is known by the company he keeps.

观友见其人。/近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

I felt nervous in the company of such an important man.

和这么一个重要的人物在一起，我感到很紧张。

There is not much enjoyment in going out for a walk without company.

外出散步没人做伴没有多大乐趣。

3. [U] 宾客，客人：

You’ve got company, Dad.

爸，来客人了。

4. [c] （一）群，（一）队，（一）伙：

a dramatic company　剧团

5. [c] 连，连队：

The major led three companies against the enemy.

少校率领三个连队进攻敌人。

▲keep company with　与……交往，与……结伴：

Having kept company with him for more than two years, she found a dishonest person in him.

与他交往了两年多后，她发现他是个不诚实的人。

compare [kəm’pɛə] vt. ＆ vi.

（com-和，与+ pare　相等的：相等/相比）

1. to consider two or more things or people, in order to show how they are similar or different　比较，对比：

compare the present with the past　今昔对比　compare your translation with the original.

把你的译文和原文对照一下。

2. consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous　比作：

Poets have compared sleep to death.

诗人曾将睡眠比作死亡。

Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.

莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。

【同】contrast, match

【辨】compare, contrast:

①compare　多指比较相同之处：

compare two translations　比较两种译文；

②contrast　多指对比不同之处：

This cold weather contrasts with last week’s heat.

这冷天气同上星期的热天气对比明显。

▲compare...to... 把……比作……

comparison** [kəm’pærisn] n.[c][U]

1. the process of comparing two or more people or things　比较，对照，类似：

make a comparison between sb./sth. 对某人/物进行比较

2. a statement that someone or sth. is like someone or sth. else　比喻，比拟：

I find the comparison of teachers to candles quite proper.

我觉得将老师比作蜡烛十分贴切。

▲by comparison　比较起来：

This one is really cheaper by comparison.

相比之下，这个确实很便宜。

compete** [kəm’pi:t] vi.

（com-一起+pete　追求）

to try to gain sth. and stop someone else from having it or having as much of it　比赛，竞争：

animals in the wild have to compete for food.

野生动物不得不争夺食物。

Fifty students competed with one another for a single scholarship.

五十个学生互争一项奖学金。

【同】contest

competence** [‘kRmpitəns] n.[c]

the ability to do sth. well　能力; 技能; 相当的资产：

Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional competence.

教师必须不断更新知识以保持他们的专业能力。

competition [9kɔmpi’tiʃən] n.

1. [c] a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations　比赛，竞赛：

They are in competition with each other for the prize.

他们相互竞争这个奖项。

2. [U] a situation in which people or organizations compete with each other for sth. that not everyone can have　竞争：

We cannot avoid competition with others.

我们难免与人竞争。

complain** [kəm’plein] vi.＆ vt.

（com-加强意义+ plain　抱怨）

1. to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied,or unhappy about sth. or someone　抱怨，诉苦：

He is always complaining about the weather.

他老是抱怨天气不好。

She complained to me of/about his rudeness/that he had been rude to her.

她向我抱怨他很粗鲁。

2. to make formal accusation or charge　申诉，投诉：

She complained of ill treatment.

她申诉遭受虐待。

He complained to the teacher of Mike’s dishonesty.

他向老师告发迈克的不诚实。

【派】complainant n.[c]抱怨者，控诉人

complete [kəm’pli:t]

（com-加强意义+ plete　充满）

Ⅰ adj.

1. including all parts, details, facts etc. and with nothing missing　完全的，全部的，整个的：

the complete works of Hemingway　海明威全集

2. finished　完成的，结束的：

The task will be complete in a few days.

再过几天这任务就完成了。

3. used to emphasize that a quality or situation is as great as it could possibly be　完全的，彻底的：

It was a complete surprise to me.

这对我来说完全是件意外的事。

【派】completely adv.完全地，彻底地；completeness n.[U]完善，齐全

Ⅱ vt.

to finish doing or making sth., especially when it has taken a long time　完成，使完满：

Has the railway been completed yet?

铁路完工了吗?

One more volume will complete my set of Luxun.

再多一本，我的鲁迅全集就凑齐了。

【同】end, finish, fulfill

complex** [‘kɔmpleks] adj.

（com-一起+ plex　重叠：重叠在一起）

1. consisting of many different parts and often difficult to understand　复杂的：

a complex state of affairs　错综复杂的事态

2. a complex word or sentence contains a main part and one or more other parts　复合的，综合的：

a complex sentence　复合句

complex number　复数

【反】simple

【派】complexly adv.

complicated** [‘kɔmplikeitid] adj.

difficult to understand or deal with,because many parts or details are involved　复杂的，麻烦的，难解的：

This is the most complicated case I’ve ever handled.

这是我处理过的最为复杂的案子。

He is clever enough to work out the complicated problem.

他很聪明，能解出这道难题。

are you able to put complicated thought into simple words?

你能用简单的语言表达复杂的思想吗?

component** [kəm’pəunənt]

（com-一起+ pon　放+ -ent　名词后缀：合在一起的东西）

Ⅰ adj.

the component parts of sth. are the parts that it consists of　组成的，合成的：

blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.

刀刃和刀柄是刀的组成部分。

Ⅱ n. [c]

1. one of several parts that together make up a whole machine, system etc.组成部分；部件、元件：

the components of a camera lens　组成照相机镜头的各个部分

stereo components　立体音箱组件

2. [物]分，分量

compose** [kəm’pəuz] vt.＆ vi.

（com-一起+ pose　放）

1. to write a piece of music　写作，作曲，创作：

When did Mozart begin to compose?

莫扎特多大开始作曲?

【同】arrange, build, construct, create

2. to combine together to form sth.组成，构成：

England, Scotland, and Wales compose the island of Great britain.

英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成了大不列颠岛。

These houses are chiefly composed of wood.

这些房子主要是用木材建造的。

Water (H2O) is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

水由氢和氧化合而成。

Mere facts, badly stated, do not compose a good book.

仅有事实，再加上直截了当的叙述，并不能构成一本好书。

composer [kəm’pəuzə] n.[c]

a person who writes music　作曲家：

I think bach is one of the greatest composers.

我认为巴赫是最伟大的作曲家之一。

composition** [9kɔmpə’ziʃən] n.

（com-一起+ los　放+ -ition　名词后缀）

1. [c] a piece of music, a poem, or a piece of writing　作品，作文，乐曲：

English teachers often train their students to write English compositions.

英语老师经常训练学生写英文作文。

music composition　乐曲

2. [U] the art or process of writing pieces of music, poems etc.写作，作曲：

He spent ten years in the composition of his first novel.

写第一部小说花了他十年时间。

He played a piano sonata of his own composition.

他弹奏了一首自己创作的钢琴奏鸣曲。

3. [U] the way in which sth. is made up of different parts, things, or members　构成，组成，成分，结构：

the chemical composition of the soil　土壤的化学成分

the composition of a committee　委员会的组成

He has a touch of madness in his composition.

他天生有点疯狂的气质。

comprehension** [ˌkɔmpri’henʃən] n.[U]

the ability to understand sth.理解力，领悟：

reading comprehension　阅读理解

Logical thinking requires good comprehension.

逻辑思维需要很好的理解力。

listening comprehension　听力理解

comprehensive** [kɔmpri’hensiv] adj.

（comprehens　包含+ -ive　形容词后缀：包含许多东西的）

including all the necessary facts, details, or problems that need to be dealt with　广泛的，综合的，理解的，有理解力的：

take a comprehensive view of the situation　通观全局

a comprehensive review of the work　对工作的全面检查

a comprehensive explanation　总括性的说明

a comprehensive school　综合中学

a comprehensive planning　全面规划

【派】comprehensively adv.总括性地，广泛地

comprise** [kəm’praiz] vt.

（com-加强意义+ prise　抓住：把……抓在里面）

1. to consist of particular parts, groups etc. 包含，包括：

The committee comprises men of widely different views.

委员会中包括意见极不相同的成员。

2. to form part of a larger group of people or things　构成，组成：

Nine units comprise book One.

九个单元构成了第一册。

【同】be composed of, be formed of, be made up of, consist of, contain, hold, include, involve

【辨】comprise, compose, consist, contain:

①comprise　包含，由……组成，可用表示“部分”“成分”的复数名词作主语：

Twenty members comprise the faculty council.

二十位委员组成教授评审委员会。

②compose　组成，构成，指几部分构成一个统一体：

Our party was composed of teachers, pupils and their parents.

我们团队由教师，学生以及学生家长组成。

③consist　由……构成，和　compose　同义，但不能用于被动：

Our university consists of twenty-two departments.

我们学校由二十二个系组成。

④contain　包含，容纳，它的宾语只能是整体中的部分：

Sea water contains salt.

海水含有盐分。

computer [kəm’pju:tə] n.[c]

an electronic machine that can store. organize and find information, do calculations and control other machines　计算机，计算者：

computers can be programmed to do translation.

计算机可以编制程序进行翻译。

concentrate* [‘kɔnsəntreit]

（con-共同+ centr　中心+ -ate　动词后缀：使围绕同一中心）

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to think very carefully about sth. that you are doing　集中，聚精会神：

2.to bring sth. together in one place　便……集中：

Italian industry is concentrated mainly in the north.

意大利的工业主要集中在北部。

He concentrated his energies on studying.

他集中精力搞研究。

【派】concentrated adj.集中起来的，经浓缩的

【辨】concentrate, focus:

①concentrate“集中”，指集中于一点，宾语可以是具体的或抽象的东西：

The enemy concentrated its attack on the right flank.

敌人把进攻集中于右侧。

②focus“集中，焦点”，本义是把光线投到一个点，引申义与concentrate　同义，但宾语一般不是具体的东西：

We must focus our attention on the main problems.

我们要把注意力集中在主要问题上。

3. to make a substance or liquid stronger by removing some of the water from it　浓缩：

She concentrated the broth by boiling it.

她把肉汤熬浓。

Ⅱ n. [c][U]

a concentrated liquid　浓缩物，浓缩液

【反】dissipate

concept** [‘kɔnsept] n.[c]

（con-一起+cept　拿，取：把对事物的认识拿来放在一起）

an idea of how sth. is, or how sth. should be done　概念，观念，思想：

a concept of space　空间概念

【同】abstraction, idea

concern* [kən’sə:n]

（con-一起+ cern　放：放到一起/发生联系）

Ⅰ vt.

1. if a story, book, report etc. concerns someone or sth., it is about them　涉及，关系到，有关：

The article concerns some studying methods.

这篇文章是关于学习方法的。

This is all the news concerning that country.

这是有关那个国家的全部消息。

She concerns herself with/in social welfare.

她从事社会福利工作。

【同】refer to, relate to, touch

2. to make someone feel worried or upset　使关心，关怀，挂念：

My father’s illness concerns us greatly.

父亲的病情使我们很担心。

She is always concerning herself about the well-being of other people.

她老是关心别人的生活。

He is more concerned about others than about himself.

他关心别人比关心自己要多。

Ⅱ n.

1. [c] if an activity, situation, rule etc. concerns you, it affects you or involves you （利害）关系：

This question is of great concern to all of us.

这个问题对我们大家都事关重大。

2. [U] a feeling of worry about sth. important　关心，挂念：

the growing concern about continuing high unemployment　对居高不下的失业率的日益担忧

【辨】anxiety, care, concern:

①anxiety指对于未来的事所引起的情绪上的不安，希望不会有什么不愉快的事情发生。

②care指由于责任重大，工作繁重所引起的情绪不安。

③concern指对钟爱或喜欢的人或物的担忧，也指对亲友情况的关怀：

He feels concern over his father’s worsening health.

他对父亲日益恶化的身体状况感到担忧。

▲as/so far as……be concerned　就……来说：

as/So far as I am concerned, this arrangement is quite satisfactory.

就我而言，这样的安排很令人满意。

▲be concerned with　关心，挂念，从事于：

She is deeply concerned with our health problem.

她深深关怀我们的健康问题。

He is concerned with getting through the agenda.

他忙于完成议事日程上的工作。

▲be concerned about/for　关心，关怀，挂念：

He’s much concerned about your illness.

他非常关心你的病。

They are all concerned for the happiness of the younger generation.

他们都很关心青年一代的幸福。

Our leaders are greatly concerned over ourfinancial difficulties.

领导非常关心我们经济方面的困难。

concert [‘kɔnsət] n.[c]

（con-一起+ cert　比赛）

a performance given by a number of musicians　音乐会，演奏会：

attend/go to a concert　参加音乐会

Who else went to the concert?

还有谁参加了音乐会?

【同】music

▲in concert　一齐，一致：

We worked in concert for some time happily.

我们愉快地合作了一段时间。

I finished the task in concert with several of my colleagues.

我与几个同事一起完成了这项任务。

conclude** [kən’klu:d] vt.＆ vi.

1. to complete sth. you have been doing,especially for a long time　结束，终止：

To conclude, I wish you a happy New Year.

最后，祝你们新年快乐。

The story concluded with a happy ending.

这个故事有一个大团圆的结局。

2. to decide that sth. is true after considering all the information you have　做结论，断定，推断：

From his accent, we may conclude that he comes from america.

从他的口音我们可以断定他来自美国。

What can be concluded from the last paragraph?

从最后一段能得出什么结论？

3. to finish arranging an agreement etc. successfully　缔结，议定：

They humiliatingly concluded the treaty.

他们屈辱地签订了条约。

【派】concluding adj.结束的，最后的

conclusion** [kən’klu:ʒən] n.

1. [c] a judgement or decision reached after consideration　结论，推论：

jump to conclusion　匆忙下结论

I have come to/made the conclusion that she is not a person to depend on.

我已得出结论，她是个靠不住的人。

2. [c] [U] the end; closing part　结束，终结：

bring the discussion to a conclusion　结束讨论

bring to a conclusion　使结束，告一段落

▲in conclusion　最后，总之：

I will in conclusion say a few words about my visit to Tokyo.

最后，我对我的东京之行谈几句。

concrete** [‘kɔnkri:t]

（con-共同+ crete　生长：生长在一起的，生长的有形物）

Ⅰ adj.具体的：

a concrete explanation　具体的解释

a lamp is concrete but its brightness is abstract.

灯是具体的，但其光亮是抽象的。

【同】actual, factual, firm

Ⅱ n. [U]混凝土：

a lot of buildings are made of concrete now.

现在很多建筑物都用混凝土建造。

【派】concretely adv.具体地；concreteness n.

Ⅲ vt.用混凝土修筑：

concrete a road　以混凝土铺路

condition [kən’diʃən] n.

（con-互相+ dit　给出讲述+ -ion　名词后缀：

互相讲出谈话内容）

1. [U] the state that sth. is in, especially how good or bad its physical state is　状态，状况，情形：

in (a) good/bad condition　状况良好/不佳

My old bike is in good condition.

我的旧自行车车况良好。

2. [c] the situation in which people live or work, especially the physical things that affect the quality of their lives　形势，环境（复），条件：

It indicates the explosive conditions in that area.

这表明了那一地区的爆炸性局势。

Trust and respect are conditions of a happy marriage.

信任和理解是幸福婚姻的前提条件。

all the important conditions are fulfilled.

所有的重要条件都满足了。

【派】conditioner n.[c]调节器；conditioning n.[U]调节，整理；conditional adj.①附有条件的，作为条件的 ②[语]表示条件的：

a conditional clause　条件从句

▲on condition that　在……条件下：

I’ll help you carry the box on condition that you give me tip.

如果你给我小费，我就帮你提箱子。

I’ll come on condition that my friend is invited, too.

如果我的朋友也受到邀请，我就来。

conduct* [kən’dʌkt]

（con-加强意义+ duct　引导）

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to take or lead someone somewhere　引导，带领：

Mr. Yu conducted the visitors round the museum.

于先生带领游客参观博物馆。

2. to carry out or direct　处理、管理：

conduct an experiment/an interview/a survey　进行实验/面试/调查

The manager conducted his business carefully.

这位经理处理业务小心翼翼。

3. to behave　表现，为人：

I think he conducted himself admirably, considering the difficult circumstances.

考虑到那种困难的情况，我认为他的表现令人钦佩。

4. to stand in front of a group of musicians or singers and direct their playing or singing指挥：

Who is conducting the orchestra this evening?

今晚由谁指挥管弦乐队?

He conducted well. The concert was a great success.

他指挥得很好，音乐会非常成功。

5. if sth. conducts electricity or heat, it allows electricity or heat to travel along or through it　传导：

Most plastics do not readily conduct heat or electricity.

大多数塑料不易传热或导电。

Ⅱ n. [U]

the way someone behaves, especially in public, in their job etc.行为，举动，品行，指挥，指导：

He is a man of good conduct.

他是一个品行端正的人。

the government’s conduct of the affair　政府对这件事的指导

conference* [‘kɔnfərəns] n.[c]

会议，讨论（会）：

He is now in conference.

他正在开会。

The conference on international economic problem met in Geneva.

国际经济问题会议在日内瓦举行。

a press conference　记者招待会

have a conference with sb.

与某人协商

【同】congress, meeting

confidence* [‘kɔnfidəns] n.

1. [U] the feeling that you can trust someone or sth. to be good, work well, or produce good results　信任，信赖：

have/lose confidence in sb.

对某人抱有/失去信心

I have perfect/complete confidence in your ability.

我完全信赖你的能力。

He enjoys the fullest confidence of his master.

他得到了主人的完全信任。

2. [U] the belief that you have the ability to do things well or deal with situations successfully　信心，自信：

Don’t lose your confidence, you are sure to succeed.

不要失去自信，你一定会成功。

【反】doubt

confirm* [kən’fə:m] vt.

（con-加强意义+ firm　确认）

1. to make you believe that your idea or feeling is right　使（权力等）更坚固，使（信念等）更坚定：

Their advice confirmed my decision.

他们的劝告更坚定了我的决心。

The director was confirmed in his position as chairman.

这个董事的主席地位得到了巩固。

2. to tell someone that a possible arrangement, date, or situation is now definite or official　确认，批准：

confirm a booking/reservation　确认预订

3. to show that sth. is definitely true,especially by providing more proof （进一步）证实：

The experiment confirmed his theory.

实验进一步印证了他的理论。

【派】confirmed adj.坚定的

conflict** [‘kɔnflikt] n.[c]

（con-互相+ flict　打击）

1. a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc.斗争，战斗，冲突：

The conflict between Greece and Troy lasted ten years.

希腊和特洛伊之间的战争持续了十年之久。

conflicts among nations　各国间的纷争

2. a situation in which you have two opposite feelings about sth.矛盾，分歧：

She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.

她发现在将来的择业问题上自己与父母存在分歧。

She suffered from a conflict of feelingsabout her career.

对她的职业，她内心充满矛盾。

Ⅱ vi. [‘kʌnflikt]

if two ideas, beliefs, opinions etc. conflict,they cannot exist together or both be true　抵触，冲突：

Their account of the causes of the war conflicts with ours.

他们对于战争起因的报告与我们的报告相反。

【反】harmony

【派】conflicting adj.抵触的，冲突的

confucianism** [kən’fju:ʃənizəm] n.

孔子学说，儒教，儒家（学说）

confucius** [kən’fju:ʃəs] n.

孔夫子，孔子

confuse [kən’fju:z] vt.

（con- 加强意义+ fuse　灌注：把不同的东西倒在一起）

1. to think wrongly that a person or thing is someone or sth. else　混淆，弄错：

Don’t confuse austria with australia.

不要把奥地利与澳大利亚弄混了。

2. to make someone feel that they cannot think clearly or do not understand　使困惑，使糊涂：

They asked so many questions that I got confused.

他们问了许许多多的问题，把我弄糊涂了。

【辨】confuse, puzzle:

①confuse　使混乱，指因混淆而迷乱：

The road signs confuses the driver.

路标把司机给搞糊涂了。

②puzzle　使迷惑，着重指使人难于理解：

The difficult maths problem puzzled me.

这道数学难题令我伤脑筋。

confused** [kən‘fju:zd]

Ⅰ adj.

unable to understand or think clearly about what someone is saying or what is happening　糊涂的；迷乱的；混杂的；不清楚的

Ⅱ v.

困惑（confuse　的过去式）

confusion [kən’fju:ʒən] n.[U]

a very confusing situation, that usually has a lot of noise and action, so that it is difficult for someone to understand it or control it　混乱，混淆，困惑：

escape in the confusion　在混乱中逃脱

confusion between names　名字的混淆

congratulate [kən’ɡrætjuleit]

（con-共同+ grat　高兴 + -ul+ -ate　动词后缀：使自己和别人一块高兴）

1. to tell sb. that you are pleased about their success or achievements　祝贺，庆贺：

I warmly congratulated him on the marvellous discovery.

我热烈祝贺他做出的惊人发现。

2. to have pleasure and pride in (oneself ) for sth. successfully done　庆幸，高兴：

He heartily congratulated himself on having chosen a good woman to be his wife.

他暗自庆幸能挑到一位贤淑的女子作为妻子。

【派】congratulator n.[c]祝贺者

【辨】congratulate, celebrate:

①congratulate　庆祝，一般用语，对人而言：

He congratulated us on getting married.

他祝贺我们新婚大喜。

②celebrate　庆祝，指举行仪式、庆典等的庆祝，对事而言：

We celebrated mother’s birthday.

我们为妈妈庆祝生日。

congratulation* [kən9ɡrætju’leiʃən] n.[c][U]

祝贺辞（常用复数），祝贺，庆贺：

I offered my friend my congratulations on his success.

我向朋友祝贺成功。

connect [kə’nekt] vi.＆ vt.

（con-加强意义+ neat　连结）

to join two or more things together　连接，连结，衔接：

The two parts connect well.

这两部分连接得很好。

The island is connected by a steamer service with the mainland.

轮船航线把该岛与大陆联系起来。

The corridor connects with the living room.

走廊与客厅相连接。

She is connected with the Greens.

她与格林家有亲戚关系。

Please connect me with London.

请把电话接到伦敦。

【辨】connect, combine, join, link, unite:

①connect　连接，指两物连接，保持各自的特性，它所表示的结合关系比　combine　所表示的较疏远些：

The two banks are connected by a bridge.

一座桥把两岸连接起来。

②combine　结合，化合，有两物结合的意味：

combine theory with practice　理论与实践相结合

③ join　接合，结合，着重指原来的分离性，比　unite　更指外形的结合：

join our village to the town　把我们村与城镇连接起来；

④link　连接，联系，着重结合的紧密性：

The road links the two villages.

这条路连接着两个村庄。

⑤unite　合一，有“统一”，“结合成一体”的意义：

United we stand, divided we fall.

团结则存，分裂则亡。

【反】disconnect

【派】connector n.[c][U]连接（物）

connection [kə’nekʃən] n.[c][U]

1. the way in which two facts, ideas, events etc. are related to each other, and one is affected or caused by the other　联结，联系，关系：

There is no connection between these events.

这些事件之间没有任何联系。

my connection with him　我和他之间的联络

the connection of the word with the sentence　词与句的关系

2. a train, bus, or plane which is arranged to leave at a time that allows passengers from an earlier train, bus, or plane to use it to continue their journey　衔接，（电话的）接通，接中转的火车：

The train was late and I missed the connection.

火车误点了，我没能赶上联运车/船。

▲in connection with/to　关于：

I heard that my neighbor was in connection with the robbery.

我听说我的邻居与这起抢劫案有关。

consequence** [‘kɔnsikwəns] n.

（con-加强意义+ sequ　跟随+ -ence　名词后缀：跟在某事件后边）

1. [c] sth. that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions　结果，后果，结尾：

face/take the consequences　面对/承担后果

His illness is the consequence of overwork.

他的疾病是过度劳累的结果。

It is James that should take the consequences.

詹姆斯应承担后果。

【同】effect, end, result

2. [U] importance　重要性：

His suggestion is of no consequence at all.

他的建议毫不重要。

▲in consequence (of) 因此，结果：

In consequence of my ill health, I lost my position.

我因身体不好而失去了职位。

conservation** [9kɔnsə’veiʃən] n.[U]

1. the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc., to prevent them from being spoiled or destroyed　保存，保护：

the conservation of soil and water　水土保持

the conservation of forests　森林保护

2. the act of keeping from being lost　守恒，不灭：

conservation of matter　物质不灭

conservation of energy　能量守恒

the laws of conservation in physics　物理学的守恒定律

【派】conservational adj.

consider [kən’sidə] vt.＆ vi.

（con-共同+ sider　星：观察星象，预测未来吉凶）

1. to think about sth. carefully, especially before making a choice or decision　考虑，细想：

We must closely consider the matter from different standpoints.

我们必须从不同的角度周密地考虑这件事。

He is considering studying abroad.

他正考虑出国留学。

2. to think of someone or sth. in a particular way or to have a particular opinion　认为，把……看作：

We all consider him (to be/as) our best friend.

我们都把他看作我们最好的朋友。

I consider it a great honor to be together with you.

能和你们在一起，我感到莫大的荣幸。

They consider me too young to do the work.

他们认为我太年轻，干不了这工作。

Teachers are considered underpaid.

大家都认为教师工资过低。

We all considered him to have acted disgracefully.

我们都认为他的行为很不光彩。

【同】believe, think of

3. to think about someone or their feelings,and try to avoid upsetting them　体谅，照顾，顾及：

children should be taught to consider others.

应该教育孩子体谅别人。

considering your age, you have done very well.

就你的年龄而论，你已经做得很好了。

【派】considered adj.经过深思熟虑的，受尊敬的

considerate [kən’sidərit] adj.

always thinking of what other people need or want and being careful not to upset them　体谅的，替人着想的：

She is considerate of old people.

她对老人很体贴。

【同】attentive

consideration [kən9sidə’reiʃən] n.

1. [U] careful thought and attention, especially before making an official or important decision　考虑，思考：

Your suggestion is under consideration.

你的建议正在考虑中。

after much consideration he decided to go abroad for study.

经过充分考虑后，他决定出国求学。

2. [c] a fact that you think about when you are making a decision　要考虑的事：

Reading is one of the most important considerations in language training.

在语言训练中，阅读是最重要的考虑因素之一。

3. the quality of being sensitive towards others and thinking about their wishes and feelings　体谅，关心：

He shows much consideration for his wife　他对妻子非常体贴。

▲in consideration of　考虑到

▲on/under no consideration　决不

▲take into consideration　考虑到，顾及

consist** [kən’sist] vi.

（con-共同+ sist　站立：站在一起/站在一块儿/多个个体站在一块）

1. to be formed from two or more things or people　由……组成，由……构成 (of)：

How many countries does the UK consist of?

大不列颠联合王国由多少个国家组成？

The committee consists of ten members.

委员会由十人组成。

coal consists mostly of carbon.

煤大部分是由碳组成的。

2. to be based on or depend on sth.在于，存在于：

The beauty of this picture consists in its balance of colors.

这幅画的美在于其色彩的调和。

consistent** [kən’sistənt] adj.

1. always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc.usually used to show approval　一致的，始终如一的：

His action is always consistent with his words.

他始终言行一致。

The ideas in his various speeches are not consistent.

他在不同发言中的观点相互不一致。

2. happening in the same way and continuing for a period of time　连续的，持续的：

【派】consistently adv.一贯地，始终不变地，没有矛盾地

constant** [‘kɔnstənt]

Ⅰ adj.

1. happening regularly or all the time　经常的，不断的：

the constant growth of productivity　生产力的不断发展

the constant noise of traffic　接连不断的交通噪声

【同】continual

2.fixed or unchanging; invariable　始终如一的：

He drove at a constant speed.

他以稳定的速度开车。

3. loyal and faithful　坚定的，永恒的，忠实的：

She is constant in love.

她对爱情忠贞不渝。

The seeing-eye dog was the blind man’s constant companion.

这只导盲犬是这位盲人的忠实伴侣。

Ⅱ n. [c][数、物]

a number or quantity that never changes常数；恒量

【派】constantly adv.

constitution** [9kɔnsti’tju:ʃən] n.

（constitute　构成，组成 + -ion　名词后缀：

构成，组成，制定/制定出的条文）

1. [c] a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is governed by　宪法：

a constitution lays down the manner and means by which a state is governed.

宪法规定治理国家的方式方法。

a written constitution　成文宪法

2. [U] the parts or structure of sth.构成，构造，组成：

the constitution of a primitive society　原始社会的构成

the constitution of starch　淀粉的构成

3. [c] [U] your health and your body’s ability to fight illness　体质，体格：

He wore out prematurely his cast-iron constitution.

他过早地搞垮了自己钢铁般的体格。

4. [U] the system of rules and principles that an organization must follow （法律等的）制定，（组织等的）设立：

the constitution of law　法律的制定

construction** [kən’strʌkʃən] n.

1. [U] the process of building things such as houses, bridges, roads etc.建造，建筑，建设：

The bridge is under construction.

这座桥正在建造中。

2. [c] sth. that has been built　建筑物，建造物：

The shelter is a brick construction.

这个避难所是砖结构的。

3. [c] [语] the way in which words are put together in a sentence, phrase etc.（句子、段落的）构造，结构

consult [kən’sʌlt] vt. ＆ vi.

（con-加强意义+ sult　坐：坐在一起）

1. to discuss sth. with someone so that you can make a decision together　商量，商议：

We’ll do nothing without consulting you.

我们干什么都得和你们商量。

I’ll consult with my wife about the matter.

我要和我妻子商议这件事。

2. to ask for information or advice from someone because it is their job to know sth.请教，求诊：

She consulted a lawyer about her divorce.

她向律师请教有关她离婚的事。

3. to look for information in a book, map,list etc.查阅：

I consulted the telephone book for his address.

我查阅电话簿找他的住址。

consultant** [kən’sʌltənt] n. [c]

1. someone whose job is to give advice on a particular subject　顾问：

a design consultant　设计顾问

2. （英式）高级顾问；会诊医生

consultation** [ˌkɔnsl‘teiʃn] n.

a meeting with a professional person, especially a doctor, for advice or treatment　商议，磋商; 商讨会[医]会诊；请教，咨询：

Next week he’ll be in Florida for consultations with President Mitterrand.

下周，他将在佛罗里达与密特朗总统进行磋商。

consume** [kən’sju:m]

（con- 加强意义+ sume　拿走：拿走/用掉）

to use time, energy, goods etc.消费，消耗，耗尽：

He soon consumed his fortune.

他不久就把财产挥霍殆尽。

This air conditioner consumes a lot of electricity.

这台空调机很耗电。

We consumed much time and energy in writing the book.

我们写这本书耗费了很多时间和精力。

The hungry boy soon consumed all the sandwiches.

那饥饿的男孩很快吃光了所有的三明治。

【同】use up, eat up　吃光；喝光

He consumed all the cookies.

他吃光了所有的饼干。

★consumer [kən’sju:mə] n.[c]

someone who buys and uses products and services　消费者：

We should try to protect the rights of consumers.

我们应设法保护消费者的权利。

consumption** [kən’sʌmpʃən] n.[U]

the act of buying and using products　消费，消耗：

This is produced for domestic consumption.

这是为国内消费而生产的。

The price rise did not reduce consumption.

涨价并没有降低消费量。

contact* [‘kɔntækt]

（con-一起+ tact　触）

Ⅰ n.

1. [U] the act or state of touching or coming together　接触，联系：

Keep eye contact in conversation to build trust.

谈话中保持目光接触以建立信任。

The bomb exploded on contact.

炸弹一触就爆。

2. [c] [美] communication with a person,organization, country etc.交往（常用复数）：

a club is a place to make frequent contacts with friends.

俱乐部是朋友们经常交往的场所。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

to write to or telephone someone　接触，联系，联络：

can you tell me how I can contact with him?

你能告诉我如何与他联络吗?

【同】relation, touch

contain* [kən’tein] vt.

（con-加强意义+ tain　抓：把……抓在里面）

1. if sth. contains sth. else, it has that thing inside it or as part of it　包含，容纳，装有：

Whisky contains a large percentage of alcohol.

威士忌酒含有酒精的百分比甚高。

It contains vitamin a and vitamin c.

这东西含有维生素　a　和维生素　c。

2. to hold back, keep under control or within limits　克制：抑制

Try to contain your anger!

要努力控制住你的愤怒。

【辨】contain, include, involve:

①contain指不同的事物包含在一较大的容器内，封闭的意思较强，但不必将所包含内容一一罗列：

The box contains a pair of shoes.

这盒子里是一双鞋。

②include指一整体包含着的各个独立部分，但没有封闭的意思：

The price includes postage charges.

这个价钱包含邮票。

③involve　包含，涉及，指所涉及的往往是抽象的事物：

The plan involves the cooperation of the young and the old.

这个计划的实现包含着老年和青年的合作。

【派】container n.[c]容器，集装箱：

a container ship　集装箱船

contemporary** [kən’tempərəri]

（con-同+ tempor　时，时代+ -ary　形容词后缀）

Ⅰ adj.

belonging to the present time　当代的：

contemporary history　现代史

the contemporary literature　当代文学

2. happening or done in the same period of time　同时代的：

Dickens was contemporary with Thackeray.

狄更斯和萨克雷是同时代人。

Ⅱ n. [c]

someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as someone else　同代人，同辈：

Jack and I were contemporaries at college.

杰克和我是同期同学。

content* [‘kɔntent]

（con-加强意义+ tent　抓住：抓到所需物品）

Ⅰ n.（常用复数）

1. the amount of a substance that is contained in sth., especially food or drink　容量，含量：

The sugar content is about 200 kilograms per acre of beet.

每英亩甜菜的产糖量约为二百公斤。

2. the things that are written in a letter,book etc.内容，目录：

I don’t know the contents of the will.

我不知道遗嘱的内容。

3. [U] a feeling of quiet happiness and satisfaction　满意，满足：

We can watch TV to our heart’s content on Sundays.

星期天我们可以尽情地看电视。

Ⅱ [kən’tent] adj.

happy and satisfied　满足的，甘心的：

are you content with your present work?

你对现在的工作满意吗?

I should be well content to do so.

我很愿意这样干。

【同】contented, happy, pleased, satisfied

【辨】content, satisfied: ①content“满足的”，表示没有什么特别值得一提的牢骚和不满情绪②satisfied指达到希望时所感觉到的满足，表示欲望获得满足的状态。

Ⅲ vt. [kən’tent]使满足：

The baby contented itself with a new toy.

那婴儿有了新玩具就满足了。

contest** [‘kɔntest]

Ⅰ n.

a competition or a situation in which two or more people or groups are competing with each other　竞争，竞赛，比赛：

She won a gold medal in an international contest.

她在一次国际比赛中赢得了一枚金牌。

Ⅱ vt. [kən’test]

1. a struggle to gain control or power　争夺（土地、阵地等）：

The enemy contested every inch of the ground.

敌人寸步不退。

contest a seat in an election　在选举中争夺一个席位

2. to say formally that you do not accept sth. or do not agree with it　争论：

She contested her husband’s claim on the property successfully.

她驳倒了她丈夫对产权的要求。

【派】contestable adj.可争论的，可竞争的

context* [‘kɔntekst] n.[c][U]

1. the situation, events, or information that are related to sth. and that help you to understand it　上下文：

I can guess the meaning of the word from the context.

我能从上下文猜出这个单词的意思。

cite a passage out of context　断章取义

2. （事情发生的）情况，前后关系

【派】contextual adj.依照上下文的，由上下文而定的

continent* [‘kɔntinənt]

Ⅰ n. [c]

大陆，洲：

the continent of asia　亚洲（大陆）

Ⅱ adj.

自制的，克制的，禁欲的

【派】continently adv. 节制地　continue [kən’tinju] vt.＆ vi.

（con- 一起 + tin　握，持：把前后各种事物保持在一起/使相连）

to not stop happening, existing, or doing sth.连续，继续，延伸：

They decided to continue their strike.

他们决定继续罢工。

The plain continue as far as the eye could reach.

平原一望无边。

My father continues in good health.

我父亲依然身体健康。

The children asked the old man to continue with his story.

孩子们让老人继续讲故事。

continuous [kən’tinjuəs] adj.

continuing to happen or exist without stopping　连续的，持续的：

continuous development　不断发展

continuous function　连续函数

【派】continuously adv.连接地，不断地；continuousness n.[U]

【反】interrupted

contract** [‘kɔntrækt]

（con- 一起 + tract　拉：往一起拉）

Ⅰ n. [c]

an official agreement between two or more people, stating what each will do　契约，合同（书）：

draw up a contract　草拟合同

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi. [kən’trækt]

1. to sign a contract in which you agree formally that you will do sth. or someone will do sth. for you　订（约），承包：

The two countries contracted an alliance with each other.

这两个国家彼此缔结盟约。

We contracted with a local carpenter for the woodwork in our new boat.

我们与当地一个木工订了合同，由他来做我们这艘新船的木工活。

2. to become smaller or narrower　缩小，缩短：

“I am” is sometimes contracted to “I’m”.“I am” 有时缩略为“I’m”。

Wood contracts as it dries.

木材干燥时会收缩。

contradictory** [9kɔntrə’diktəri] adj.

containing or showing a contradiction　矛盾的；抵触的；对立的

contrary** [‘kɔntrəri]

（contra- 逆，返 + -ry　名词后缀）

Ⅰ n. [U][c]

1. used to add to a negative statement,to disagree with a negative statement by someone else, or to answer no to a question　相反，反面：

black and white are contraries.

黑与白是相反的颜色。

2. sth. showing or saying the opposite　相反的事物：

Dream often go by contraries.

梦常与事实相反。

Ⅱ adj.

contrary ideas, opinions, or actions are completely different and opposed to each other　相反的，矛盾的，对抗的：

The result was contrary to expectation.

结果与预料的情况恰好相反。

▲on the contrary　反之，正相反：

On the contrary, it is I who am in your debt.

正相反，是我受了你的恩惠。

contrast** [kən‘trɑ:st]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

to compare two things, ideas, people etc. to show how different they are from each other　对比，对照：

The writer contrasts good with evil in this book.

作者在书中把善与恶做了对比。

The teacher compared and contrasted the two poems.

老师把这两首诗做了比较和对比。

This color contrasts well with green.

这种颜色与绿色相衬很好。

Ⅱ n. [‘kɒntrɑ:st] [U][c]

a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc. that are being compared　对比，对照，差异：

There can be no differentiation without contrast.

有比较才能鉴别。

In contrast to the city life, time seems to pass slowly in the country.

与都市生活相比，在乡村时间似乎过得慢些。

▲in contrast with/to　与……成反比，比较起来：

In contrast to his brother, he was always considerate in his treatment of others.

和他哥哥相反，他总能体谅别人。

contribute [kən’tribjut] vt.＆ vi.

（con-加强意义+ tribute　给予）

1. to help to make sth. happen　贡献，有助于：

Everyone is called on to contribute ideas.

要求人人出主意，想办法。

Exercise will contribute to improving your health.

锻炼有助于增进你的健康。

contribute new information on a scientific problem

对于一项科学问题贡献新的知识

2. to give money, help, ideas etc. to sth. that a lot of other people are also involved in　捐献，捐款：

It was generous of her to contribute such a large sum of money.

她很大方，捐了这么一大笔钱。

They contributed a large sum to the charity.

他们捐给慈善机构一大笔钱。

He offered to contribute to the Red cross.

他主动向红十字会捐款。

3. to write articles, stories, poems etc. for a newspaper or magazine　投稿：

It is an honour to be invited to contribute to your magazine.

承蒙贵刊邀稿，甚感荣幸。

【派】contributor n.[c]投稿者，赞助者；contributing adj.贡献的，起一份作用的

contribution* [9kɔntri’bju:ʃən] n.[U][c]

1. an amount of money that you give in order to help pay for sth.捐献（物）：

I enclose my humble contribution towards the fund of your society.

这是我对贵协会基金的微薄捐助。

He made a contribution to/towards the project.

他向该计划捐了款。

2. sth. that you give or do in order to help sth. be successful　贡献，助益：

The scientist made great contributions to a space development program.

这位科学家对太空发展计划有很大的贡献。

3. a piece of writing, a song, a speech etc. that forms part of a larger work such as a newspaper, book, broadcast, recording etc.投稿；投稿文章：

The editor is short of contributions for the May issue.

编者缺乏稿件编五月份杂志。

control [kən’trəul]

（con-逆+ rol　书卷：查案卷/监督）

Ⅰ vt.

1. 控制，操纵，指挥，管理：

The fire was finally controlled.

火势终于被控制住了。

a good teacher has the ability to control his class.

一位好的老师有驾驭课堂的能力。

【同】be under the power of

2. 克制，抑制：

control one’s anger　抑制愤怒

Ⅱ n. [U]

1. the ability or power to make someone or sth. do what you want or make sth.happen in the way you want　控制，支配，管理，监督：

The manager exercises control over the whole firm.

这位经理控制着整个公司。

The teacher has no control over the students.

那位老师管不住学生。

2. the ability to remain calm even when you feel very angry, upset, or excited　抑制（力）：

anger took away his control.

愤怒使他无法控制情绪。

▲out of control　失去控制：

The plane got out of control and crashed.

飞机失去控制后坠毁了。

▲under control　被控制住，受统治：

They are no longer under my control.

他们不再服我管教了。

▲beyond control　无法控制，无法掌握

▲in control of　管理，掌握：

Who is in control of this department?

这个系由谁负责?

▲in the control of　被……控制/管理

▲lose control of　对……失去控制：

She lost control of her temper.

她无法控制自己的脾气。

convenient* [kən’və:njənt] adj.

（con- 加强意义 + veni　来 + -ent　形容词后缀：大家到一起来/容易做事）

useful to you because it saves you time, or does not spoil your plans or cause you problems　便利的，方便的：

Is it convenient to/for you if I come at night?

我晚上来拜访你，方便吗?

This is a very convenient tool for operating cans.

这是一种很方便的开罐头工具。

You can have breakfast whenever convenient to yourself.

你可以在任何方便的时候吃早饭。

conventional** [kən’venʃənl] adj.

1. always following the behaviour and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal, right, and socially acceptable, so that you seem slightly boring　习惯的，常规的，传统的：

conventional weapons常规武器

conventional manners　传统礼仪

White is the conventional colour of wedding gown in Western countries.

在西方国家，婚纱通常都是白色的。

2. a conventional method, product, practice etc. has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type　陈腐的，老套的：

He is rather conventional in his daily life.

他的日常生活十分保守。

【同】regular, traditional, usual

conversation [9kɔnvə’seiʃən] n.

[c][U] an informal talk in which people exchange news, feelings, and thoughts　会话，谈话：

I have had several conversations with my deskmate.

我已和我的同桌谈过几次。

informal conversation　不拘礼节的交谈

convince** [kən’vins] vt.

（con- 完全+ vince　征服）

to make someone feel certain that sth. is true　使信服，使确信，说服：

He is now convinced of the truth of the report.

他现在相信这报告是真实的。

Her smile convinced him that she was happy.

她在微笑，使他相信她是快乐的。

We convinced him to give up smoking.

我们说服他戒烟。

【辨】convince, persuade:

①convince　说服，确信，表示用事实使人信服：

He made an attempt to convince me of his innocence.

他想使我相信他是清白的。

②persuade　说服，劝说：语气较弱，偏重从感情上打动别人：

We tried to persuade her to go with us.

我们极力说服她跟我们一块去。

cook [kuk]

Ⅰ n. [c]

someone who prepares and cooks food as their job　炊事员，厨师：

Too many cooks spoil the broth.

厨子过多反而易把汤煮坏。/人多手杂，反而碍事。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

to prepare food for eating by using heat　煮，烹调：

The dinner was well cooked and incredibly plenty.

宴席菜肴烧得很好并且非常丰盛。

My father sometimes cooks on Sunday.

我父亲有时在星期日下厨。

【同】boil, fry, heat, toast

cookie [‘kuki] n.[c]

a sweet biscuit　小甜饼，面包

cool [ku:l] adj.

1. low in temperature, but not cold, often in a way that feels pleasant　凉的，凉快的：

The evening is delightfully cool.

晚间凉爽宜人。

Let’s sit in the shade and keep cool.

我们到树荫下乘凉吧。

2. behaving in a way that is not as friendly as you expect　冷淡的：

charles seemed very cool towards me today.

查理斯今天对我似乎非常冷淡。

3. calm and not nervous, upset, or excited　冷静的，镇静的：

as cool as a cucumber　泰然自若；极为冷静

He keeps cool in the face of danger.

他面临危险仍保持镇静。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

to make sth. slightly colder, or to become slightly colder （使）变凉，（使）冷却，使（情绪）平息：

a swim in the lake cooled us.

在湖里游泳使我们感到凉快。

It cooled off after the downpour last night.

昨夜一阵倾盆大雨后，天气凉爽了。

His words cooled her anger.

他的话平息了她的怒气。

Her friendship for me has cooled down.

她对我的友情已渐冷淡。

【反】warm

【派】coolly adv.；coolness n.

cooperate** [kəu’ɔpəreit] vi.

to work with someone else to achieve sth.that you both want　合作，配合，协助

copy [‘kɔpi]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. one of many books, magazines, records etc. that are all exactly the same　抄本，副本，拷贝：

Please make five copies of the test paper.

请将这份试卷复印五份。

It is only a copy of a real Picasso.

这只是毕加索真迹的复制品。

2. sth. written in order to be printed in a newspaper, magazine, advertisement etc. 本，册：

How many copies of the book have you published?

这本书你们出版了多少册?

3. sth. that is made to be exactly like another thing　复制品：

He is a copy of his father.

他酷似他的父亲。

Ⅱ vt.

to deliberately make or produce sth. that is exactly like another thing　誊写，临摹，复制：

Please copy the sentences on the blackboard.

请把句子抄在黑板上。

We should copy his good points, not his bad points.

我们应该仿效他的优点，而不应模仿他的缺点。

core** [kɔ:] n.[c]

1. the hard central part of a fruit such as an apple　果核：

after eating the apple he threw the core away.

他吃了苹果后将核扔掉。

2. the most important or central part of sth. 中心，核心：

the core competence of English　英语学科核心素养

They are talking about the core of the problem.

他们正在谈论问题的核心。

【同】center

【派】coreless adj.无（果）心的；corer n.[c]果实的去心器

corn [kɔ:n] n.[U]

谷物，庄稼：

a field of corn　一片庄稼地

corner [‘kɔ:nə] n.[c]

1.角：

The leather pocket-book has gold corners.

这只皮夹子上有金包角。

2. 拐角：

Turn left at the next corner.

在下一个拐角向左拐。

3. 角落

corporate** [‘kɔ:pərət] adj.

法人的，团体的，社团的；公司的，总体国家的

correct [kə’rekt]

（cor- 加强意义+ rect　正确的）

Ⅰ adj.

1. having no mistakes　正确的，恰当的，端正的：

can you give me the correct answer?

你能给出正确答案吗?

Her dress is correct for the party.

她的衣服适合这个聚会。

2. correct behaviour is formal and polite　合乎礼节的

【同】accurate, exact

【反】incorrect

Ⅱ vt.

1. to make sth. right or to make it work the way it should　纠正，修改：

The teacher was correcting a pupil’s homework.

这位老师在批改学生的家庭作业。

correct errors, if any.

如有错误则改正。

2. to show someone that sth. is wrong, and make it right　校正，矫正：

I corrected my watch by the time signal.

我按报时信号校正了我的表。

correct a bad habit　纠正坏习惯

【派】correctly adv，正确地，正确地说；correctness n.[U]正确，得当，端正；corrector n. 校正者，校对员，矫正者

correction [kə’rekʃən] n.[U][c]

a change made in sth. in order to make it right or better　订正，修改，校正：

The teacher made several corrections in red ink.

这位老师用红墨水做了几处修改。

correspond** [9kɔris’pɔnd] vi.

1. if two things or ideas correspond, the parts or information in one relate to the parts or information in the other　符合，一致：

His actions do not correspond with his words.

他言行不一。

2. to be very similar to or the same as sth. else　相当，相应：

The american congress corresponds to the british Parliament.

美国的国会相当于英国的议会。

3. to write letters to someone and receive letters from them　通信：

I corresponded with him all that time.

那段时间我一直和他通信。

cost [kɔst]

Ⅰ n. [U][c]

1. the amount of money that you have to pay in order to buy, do, or produce sth.成本，费用：

The cost of the used car is 2,000 dollars.

那辆旧车的价格是两千美元。

The price does not cover the cost of delivery.

价格中不包括运费。

2. sth. that you lose, give away, damage etc. in order to achieve sth.代价：

The battle was won at a great cost of life.

这场战役的胜利是以生命为代价的。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

to have a particular price　价值为，使花费：

compiling a dictionary costs much trine and patience.

编一部字典要花很多时间和耐性。

The work cost them much labour.

这件工作花去他们大量的劳力。

careless driving may cost you your life.

粗心驾车可能会使你丧命。

How dear the lesson costs!

这个教训的代价多大啊!

The boy’s bad behaviour cost his mother many sleepless nights.

那孩子的不良行为使他的母亲度过了许多不眠之夜。

【派】costless adj. 没成本的，不需花钱的

【辨】cost, spend, take:

①cost　只能用于钱、劳力、生命等，不能用于时间，主语必须是物：

The book cost me two yuan.

我花两元钱买了这本书。

②spend指钱或时间，在主动语句中主语是人：

She spent the whole day (in) reading.

她整天都在读书。

③take　主要用于花时间，有时也可用于花钱：

It took me an hour to finish my homework.

我做作业花了一个小时的时间。

▲at all costs　不惜任何代价，无论如何：

We are determined to obtain our rights at all costs.

我们决心不惜任何代价来获取我们的权利。

▲at the cost of　以……为代价：

The poor fox escaped from the trap at the cost of a leg.

那可怜的狐狸失去了一条腿才逃出陷阱。

custome* [‘kɔstju:m] n.[c]

（戏剧或电影的）戏装，演出服

cottage** [‘kɔtidʒ] n.[c]

小屋：

He wants to take a cottage at the place.

他想在那里租间小屋。

There is a splendid cottage by the sea.

海边有一所富丽堂皇的别墅。

【同】cabinet, shed

cotton** [‘kɔtən] n.[U]

棉花：

grow cotton　种植棉花

cotton cloth　棉布

cough [kɔf]

Ⅰ n. [c]

咳嗽，咳嗽声：

I have at last got rid of my troublesome cough.

我那讨厌的咳嗽终于好了。

She gave a nervous cough.

她咳嗽了一声，显得紧张不安。

Ⅱ vi. ＆ vt.

咳嗽，咳出，清喉咙：

The smoke made me cough.

烟呛得我直咳嗽。

He is coughing badly.

他咳得厉害。

could [kud] aux.v.

1. can　的过去式

2. （用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能，可以：

I wish l could go to the moon some day.

真希望有朝一日我能登上月球。

If I could go with you, I should feel very good.

假使我能同你们一起去，我将会非常高兴的。

3. （表示可能性）能，可能：

The weather in London could be very wet in summer.

伦敦的夏季天气可能会很潮湿。

4. （用于委婉语气）能：

You could brush your teeth.

你可能该刷牙了。

council** [‘kaunsl] n.[c]

（coun = con- 加强意义+ cil　召集）

理事会，委员会，会议，评议会：

a cabinet council　内阁会议

【同】committee

count [kaunt]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to calculate the total number of things or people in a group　数，计算：

count from one to 1,000.

从一数到一千。

I counted all the people, there were fifty present.

我数了所有的人，总共来了五十人。

【同】score, total

2. to include someone or sth. in a total　算入，计入：

You count among my best friends.

你可算是我的最好的朋友之一。

3. to consider someone or sth. in a particular way　认为，看作：

He said that he counted me as his dearest person.

他说他把我视为最钟爱的人。

【派】countable　可数的

Ⅱ n.

1. [c] the process of counting, or the total that you get when you count things　计数，数：

after an election there is a count of votes.

选举之后要计算选票。

Four counts were necessary before we were certain of the total.

我们必须数四遍才能确定这一总数。

2. [c] 总数，总计：

What is the count?

总数是多少?

▲count on　依靠，指望：

You can’t count on him being punctual.

你不要指望他会守时。

▲count up　算出，加起来：

Now count up how much money you’ve spent this week.

现在算一下你这周花了多少钱。

He counted up the points he had scored.

他把得分加了起来。

country [‘kʌntri] n.

1. [c] 国家：

china is a developing country.

中国是个发展中国家。

2. [U] 乡下，农村（与the　连用）：

bob prefers the country to the city.

鲍勃喜欢农村不喜欢城市。

【辨】country, nation, state:

①country　着重指地区，领土，也可表示故乡或家乡：

china is a vast country.

中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家。

②nation　着重指某一特定地区的全体人民：

The whole nation was up in arms against invaders.

全国人民武装起来反抗入侵者。

③state指作为政治团体的国家，强调“政权”：

That country is now an independent state.

那个国家现在是一个独立国。

countryside [‘kʌntrisaid] n.[U]

乡间，农村：

The English countryside looks its best in May and June.

英国的乡村五、六月间景色最美。

county* [‘kaunti] n.[c] [英]郡：

the county of London　伦敦郡

couple [‘kʌpl]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. two people or things　两人

2. a small number of people or things　几个人，几件事情：

I’ll just have a couple of drinks.

我就喝几杯吧。

3. two people who live or spend time together, esp. a husband and wife　对/双，男女，夫妇：

a couple of players　一对选手

a newly-married couple　新婚夫妇

Five couples took the floor.

有五对男女开始跳舞。

【同】 pair

Ⅱ vt.

to join together; connect　连接，结合：

couple two railroad coaches　把两节铁路车厢连接起来

▲a couple of　几个

courage [‘kʌridʒ] n.[U]

（cour　心+ -age　名词后缀：心细而胆大）

the quality of being brave when you are facing a difficult or dangerous situation, or when you are very ill　勇气，胆量：

take courage　鼓起勇气

keep up/lose courage　鼓足/失去勇气

It took great courage to do so.

这样做需要极大的勇气。

【同】bravery, spirit

course [kɔ:s] n.

1. [U] a period of time or process during which sth. happens　过程，经过，进程：

the course of events　事态的发展

the course of development　发展过程

the course of life　一生

2. [c] the planned direction taken by a boat or plane to reach a place　方向，路线：

a southward course　向南的路线

3. [c] a series of lessons in a particular subject　课程，教程：

a course in Russian/a Russian course　俄语课程

4. [c] one of the separate parts of a meal　一道菜：

The final course was pie with ice cream.

最后一道菜是馅饼加冰淇淋。

▲in the course of　在……过程中，在……期间：

in the course of history　在历史的进程中

▲ofcourse　当然，自然

court* [kɔ:t] n.[c][U]

1. the place where a trial is held　法庭，法院：

take sb. to court. 把某人告上法庭

When is the accused to appear in court?

被告将于何时出庭?

2. the place where a king or queen lives and works　宫廷，朝廷：

The queen held several courts these days.

近来女王数次临朝听政。

3. a courtyard　庭院，院子

4. an area made for playing games such as tennis　球场：

The players are off/out of court.

选手出场。

cousin [‘kʌzn] n.[c]

堂/表兄弟，堂/表姐妹

【派】cousinly adj.堂/表兄弟姐妹关系（般）的；cousinship n.[c]堂/表兄弟姐妹关系

cover [‘kʌvə]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. sth. that is put on top of sth. else to protect it　盖子，套子：

a sofa cover　沙发罩

a cover of a pan　平底锅的锅盖

【同】envelop

【反】exposure

2. the outer front or back part of a magazine, book etc.封面：

His portrait appears on the front cover of the magazine.

他的相片登上了那本杂志的封面。

Ⅱ vt.

1. to put sth. over or be over sth. in order to hide, close, or protect it　覆盖，遮蔽：

She covered her face with her hands crying.

她双手捂着脸哭。

cover a tree with straw　用草把树包起来

2. to include or deal with a particular subject or group of things　涉及，包含：

This book does not fully cover the subject.

这本书没有把该问题讲全。

3. to travel a particular distance　行走，走过（一段距离）：

She covered 1,000 meters in less than four minutes.

她在四分钟内跑完了一千米。

4. to report the details of an event for a newspaper or a television or radio programme （记者）采访，报道：

I’m covering the election campaign.

我正在采访竞选的消息。

5. to spread over an area　占用（土地），看完（若干页书），够付（费用）：

How many pages have you covered?

你们看了多少页?

The old disabled man couldn’t cover his son’s schooling, so he asked the government for help.

这位残疾老人付不起儿子的学费，于是请求政府帮助。

6. 掩护，掩盖

▲cover up

①盖好，包好：

cover the baby up carefully.

细心地把宝宝包好。

②掩盖，掩饰：

Lies can never cover up facts.

谎言永远掩盖不了事实。

coverage** [‘kʌvəridʒ] n. [U]

范围，规模；保险项目；（新闻） 报导

cow [kau] n.[c]

母牛，奶牛：

a cow gives us fresh milk.

奶牛给我们提供新鲜牛奶。

crash* [kræʃ]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1. an accident in which a vehicle violently hits sth. else　碰撞，坠落，坠毁：

The cause of the plane crash was undetermined.

飞机失事原因尚未查明。

2. a sudden loud noise made by sth. falling,breaking etc.撞击声，爆裂声：

His words were drowned in a loud crash of thunder.

他的话被一声响雷所淹没。

3. an occasion on which the stocks and shares in a stock market suddenly lose a lot of value　失败，瓦解：

The stock market crash of l929 mined many people.

1929年的股市暴跌使许多人破产。

Ⅱ vi. ＆ vt.

to have an accident in a car, plane etc. by violently hitting sth. else　碰撞，坠落，坠毁：

The plane crashed on a hill side.

飞机在山坡上坠毁。

The boy crashed a bottle against the wall.

那男孩把瓶子摔在墙上。

【派】crashing ①n.撞击力，爆裂声；② adj.碰撞声，发出撞击声的

crayon [‘kreiən]

Ⅰ n. [c]

蜡笔

Ⅱ vi. ＆ vt.

用蜡笔画

crazy [‘kreizi] adj.

1. very strange or not sensible　疯狂的：

It was crazy of you to buy the car at such a high price.

以这么高的价钱买这辆汽车，你真是疯了。

She went crazy with fear.

她因害怕而变得疯狂。

2. mentally ill　蠢的：

You are crazy to do such a thing.

你干这样的事真蠢。

3. like someone very much, or very interested in sth.狂热的，热衷的：

The boy is crazy about football.

那孩子对足球着迷。

She is crazy about dancing.

她热衷于跳舞。

cream** [kri:m] n.[U]

1. 乳脂，奶油：

Have some cream in your coffee.

你在咖啡中加点奶油吧。

2. 护肤霜；清洗液

create [kri’eit] vt.

（cre　生长 + -ate　动词后缀）

1. to make sth. exist that did not exist before　创造，创作：

all men are created equal.

人人生而平等

create a new record　创造新纪录

2. to invent or design sth.产生，制造：

They tried to create confusion.

他们设法制造混乱。

His behaviour created a bad impression.

他的行为给人以恶劣的印象。

His words created an awkward situation.

他的话引起了尴尬的场面。

【辨】create, invent:

①create　创造，指由无到有，或从极粗糙的原料中制造出完美的产品：

The chemist worked for years to create a waterproof glue.

化学家花了几年时间制造出一种不透水的黏合剂。

②invent　发明，指通过研究和实验发明的前所未有的新产品：

Edison invented the light bulb.

爱迪生发明了电灯泡。

creative* [kri’eitiv] adj.

1. 有创造力的，创造性的：

creative power　创造力

2. 产生的，引起的

【派】creatively adv.创造地，有创意地；creativeness n.[U]创造性/力，独创性/力

creature** [‘kri:tʃə] n.[U]

生物，动物，人：

They did not look like any earthly creatures.

他们看起来不像凡夫俗子。

He always goes to bed at ten — he’s a creature of habit.

他总是10点上床睡觉，是个严守生活习惯的人。

credit* [‘kredit]

(cred　相信+ -it)

Ⅰ n.

1. [U] the belief that sth. is true or correct　信任：

gain/lose credit　取得/失去信任

George has credit with his teacher.

乔治深受他老师的信任。

2. [U] 信用：

His credit was too low to make borrowing easy.

他的信用太差，不易借贷。

3. [c] an amount of money that is put into someone’s bank account or added to another amount　信用贷款：

The bank refused further credits to the company.

银行拒绝再给该公司贷款。

4. [U] an arrangement with a shop, bank etc. that allows you to buy sth. and pay for it later　赊欠：

Our shop only allows people six month’s credit.

本店只允许六个月的赊欠期限。

5. [U] to behave so well or be so successful that your family, team etc. are proud of you　名誉，名望，信誉：

He is a man of the highest credit.

他是极有名望的人。

6. [c] [U] approval or praise that you give to someone for sth. they have done　光荣，荣誉：

Your good work does you credit.

你出色的工作成绩为你增光。

He is a credit to his school.

他是全校的光荣。

7. [c] a successfully completed part of a course at a university or college　学分：

It is a course for five credits.

这是一门五学分的课程。

Ⅱ vt.

相信，信赖：

You would hardly credit him with having acted so foolishly.

你很难相信他竟做出了这样的傻事。

I don’t credit such a rumor.

我不相信这种谣言。

crew** [kru:] n.[c]

1.全体船员，全体乘务员：

all the crew were saved.

全体船员都得救了。

The crew is large.

工作人员众多。

2. （共同工作的）一团，一群：

the rail track repair crew　铁路维修队

crime** [kraim] n.

1. [c] 罪行：

crimes against life　杀人罪

crimes against the state　政治罪

commit a crime　犯罪

2. [U] 犯罪：

crime is on the rise in big cities.

大城市的犯罪率正在逐渐增加。

【派】crimeless adj.无罪的

crisis** [‘kraisis] n.[c](pl. crises[‘kraisiz])

1. 危机：

a political crisis　政治危机

We are facing a financial crisis.

我们正面临财政危机。

2. 紧急关头：

The matter has been brought to a crisis.

事情已到紧急关头。

My mother passed the crisis.

我的母亲渡过了危险期。

criterion** [krai’tiəriən] n.[c](pl. criteria[krai’tiəriə])

a standard that you use to judge sth. or make a decision about sth.标准，准则：

curriculum criterion　课程标准

Only social practice can be the criterion of truth.

只有实践才是检验真理的标准。

Success in money-making is not always a good criterion of real success in life.

在赚钱方面的成功不一定是人生真正成功的一个好的标准。

critical** [‘kritikəl] adj.

1. making careful judgments about how good or bad sth. is　批评的，评论的：

He is a man with a critical eye.

他是一个具有批判眼光的人。

a critical opinion/remark　批评性的意见/话

critical essays　评论

2. sth. that is critical is very important because what happens in the future depends on it　危急的，紧要的：

The patient’s condition is critical.

病人情况甚危。

【反】uncritical

【派】critically adv.批判性地，苛求地，岌岌可危地

criticize(-se)** [‘kritisaiz] vt.

（critic　评论家+ -ize　动词后缀）

1. to express your disapproval of someone or sth., or to talk about their faults　批评，批判：

She’s always criticize(-se)ing her friends for being selfish.

她总是批评她的朋友自私。

2. to express judgments about the good and bad qualities of sth.评论，评价：

criticize(-se) a book/painting　评论一本书/一幅画

【同】analyze, blame

crop** [krɔp] n.[c]

1. 作物，庄稼：

industrial crops　经济作物

2. （谷物、水果、草等的）一熟，收成：

reap a good/rich crop of rice　水稻丰收

a bad/poor crop　歉收

yield two/three crops a year　一年两/三熟

3. （同时产生的）一批，一群，大量：

a large crop of new books　一大批新书

cross [krɔs]

Ⅰ n. [c]

十字形，十字架，交叉：

the Red cross Society　红十字会

mark with a cross　打上一个叉

a boundary cross　十字形界标

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. 越过，穿过：

cross the street with care.

小心过马路。

cross from Shanghai to San Francisco　从上海渡海到旧金山

2. （使）相交，交叉：

Line a crosses Line b at right angles.

a　线与b　线成直角相交。

She sat in the sofa, crossing her legs.

她两腿交叉坐在沙发上。

Ⅲ adj.

易怒的，脾气不好的：

Don’t be cross with me.

不要对我发怒。

▲cross out　删去，取消：

cross out that last sentence and put this instead.

把最后一句删掉，换上这一句。

crowd* [kraud]

Ⅰ n. [c]

a large group of people who have gathered together to do sth., for example to watch sth. or protest about sth.人群，一群，众多：

The police drove the crowd away from the entrance.

警察把人群从入口处赶开。

crowds of people flocked to the theatre.

一群群人涌向剧院。

a crowd of books on the desk　桌上一堆书

a large crowd of customers　一大群顾客

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. if people crowd somewhere, they gather together in large numbers, filling a particular place　聚集，群聚，挤满，拥挤：

The pupils crowded round the teacher to ask questions.

学生团团围住老师提问题。

Spectators crowded into the field.

观众拥进运动场。

2. if people or things crowd a place, there are a lot of them there　挤入，充满，塞满：

He crowded the books into the drawer.

他把书塞入抽屉里。

Dear memories crowded in upon him.

美好回忆涌上他的心头。

crucial** [‘kru:ʃəl] adj.

至关重要的，关键性的：

a crucial moment　重要关头

cruel** [‘kru:əl] adj.

残忍的，残酷的，残暴的：

The stepmother was cruel to the girl.

继母对这女孩很残忍。

a cruel war　残酷的战争

【反】 pitiful

【派】cruelly adv.残酷地，极度地，非常地

cry [krai]

Ⅰ vi. ＆ vt.

1. 哭泣，流泪：

The baby is crying for milk.

婴儿哭着要奶吃。

She cries every time she sees the movie.

她每次看那部电影都会哭。

The boy was crying with pain.

那男孩疼得直哭。

2. 叫喊，大叫：

He cried the news all over the village.

他满村嚷着这个消息。

The drowing child cried out for help.

那溺水儿童大喊救命。

Ⅱ n. [c]

1.哭泣，哭声：

She had a cry about the sad news.

听到这个不幸的消息，她大哭了一场。

have a good cry　尽情痛哭一场

2. 叫喊，喊声：

the cry of an animal in pain　动物痛楚的叫声

He gave a cry of alarm.

他发出一声惊叫。

a cry for help　呼救声

street cries　街上的叫卖声

3. 口号，标语：

“asia for asians” was their cry.

“亚洲人的亚洲”是他们的口号。

a war cry　喊杀声

【辨】cry, scream, shout:

① cry指因恐惧、悲哀而急切的呼叫：

The girl cried loudly for help.

那姑娘大声呼救。

② scream指因痛苦、恐惧或快乐而尖声叫喊：

He screamed with delight.

他高兴地叫了起来。

③shout指因欢乐或为唤起注意而叫喊：

He shouted to me and warned me of the danger.

他向我大声呼喊，警告我有危险。

【辨】cry, sob, weep:

①cry　哭泣，着重失声痛哭：

She burst out crying in despair.

她绝望地大哭起来。

②sob指啜泣，抽噎或呜咽：

On the cold floor she sobbed herself to sleep.

在冰凉的地板上，她啜泣着睡着了。

③weep　哭泣，流泪，常指默默地啜泣，多用于书面语，有时可与cry　互换，但　cry常指由身体的痛苦引起，而　weep常指由心里的悲戚引起：

She is always weeping over her lost youth.

她常因消失的青春年华而伤感落泪。

He wept bitter tears.

他痛哭流涕。

cuisine** [kwi’zi:n] n.[c][U]

1.a style of cooking（尤指待定国家或地区的）烹饪（法）：

Thai cuisine　泰式烹饪

2.（尤指餐厅或旅馆的）饭菜：

a chance to try the local cuisine　品尝当地菜肴的机会

culture [‘kʌltʃə] n.

（cult　耕作，培养+ -ure　名词后缀）

1. [c] [U] 文化，文明：

culture shock　文化冲击

The aim of our library service is to bring culture to the people.

我们图书馆的服务宗旨是把文化传播给人们。

the cultures of European countries　欧洲诸国的文化

2. [U] 养，教养：

a man of considerable culture　文化修养很高的人

artistic culture　艺术修养

moral/intellectual/physical culture　德/智/体育

【同】civilization

cup [kʌp]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1.杯子：

a coffee cup　咖啡杯

a cup of tea　一杯茶

a cup and saucer　一副杯碟

2. 奖杯，优胜杯：

a cup event　锦标赛

win the cup　获优胜杯

Ⅱ vt.

（手掌）成杯状，（使手成杯状）包围，贴近：

He sat there with his chin cupped in his hand, deep in thought.

他用手托着下巴坐在那里，陷入沉思。

cupboard** [‘kʌbəd] n.[c]

橱柜；批出：

a kitchen cupboard　厨房碗橱

the cupboard door　橱柜门

cure* [kjuə]

Ⅰ n. [c]

a medicine or medical treatment that makes an illness go away　治愈，痊愈：

She almost reached a cure in three months.

再有三个月她的病就差不多治好了。

The doctor cannot guarantee a cure.

医生不能保证治愈。

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. to make an illness or medical condition go away　治愈，治疗：

The wound cures easily.

这种伤容易治好。

The doctor cured me of my stomachache.

医生治好了我的胃痛病。

cure a patient/disease　治愈病人/疾病

2. to solve a problem, or improve a bad situation　纠正，矫正：

children’s bad habits should be cured.

孩子的不良习惯应该纠正。

【派】cureless adj.无法医治的

curious* [‘kjuəriəs] adj.

（cur　关心，注意+ -ious　形容词后缀）

1. wanting to know or learn about sth. 好奇的，爱打听的：

Don’t be too curious about things you are not supposed to know.

对你不该知道的事情别去多打听。

The boy was curious about everything he saw.

这个男孩对他见到的一切都感到好奇。

2. strange or unusual in a way that makes you interested　奇怪的，不同寻常的：

It is curious that he should have told a lie.

真奇怪，他竟然撒了谎。

She is a woman of a curious temperament.

她是个性情奇特的妇女。

【派】curiously adv.好奇地，奇怪地；curiousness n.[U]

current* [‘kʌrənt]

（cur-跑，行+ ent　形容词后缀）

Ⅰ adj.

1. happening or being used right now, but not likely to last a long time　当前的，现在的：

current events　时事

the current price　时价，市价

current English　当代英语

2. in common or general use; generally accepted　流行的，通用的，广泛流传的：

The old belief is still widely current.

这种陈旧的观念仍广泛流行。

current money　通货

【同】latest, modern, present, popular

Ⅱ n. [c]

1. a continuous movement of water or air in a particular direction　流，气流，水流：

a swift/warm current　急/暖流

an up-and-down current　升降气流

2. [c] course or movement; tend　潮流，趋势：

Newspapers influence the current of thought.

报纸影响着思想潮流。

3. [c] a flow of electricity through a wire　电流：

an alternating current　交流电

a direct current　直流电

current intensity/density　电流强/密度

a pulse current　脉冲电流

turn on/off the current　接通/切断电源

【派】currentless adj.无电流的，无流的；currently adv. 普通地，寻常地，当前；currentness n. 趋势；（水、气、电）流

curtain** [‘kə:tn] n.[c]

1. a large piece of hanging cloth that can be pulled across a window, stage, or shower　窗帘，门帘，帘：

He drew the curtain and went to bed.

他拉上帘子去睡觉了。

2. 幕，幕布：

take a curtain　谢幕

raise the curtain　启幕

custom* [‘kʌstəm]

Ⅰ n. [c][U]

sth. that is done by people in a particular society because it is traditional　习惯，风俗，惯例：

Social customs vary in different parts of the world.

世界各地的社会风俗各有不同。

It is the custom for the students to read English every morning.

学生习惯每天早晨读英语。

So many countries, so many customs.

百里不同风各国不同俗。

【同】convention, habit, tradition

Ⅱ adj.

made according to the specifications of an individual　定做的

customer [‘kʌstəmə] n.[c]

（custom　习惯+ -er　名词后缀：习惯光顾者/常来买货的人）

1. someone who buys goods or services from a store, company etc.顾客，主顾：

The store has more customers than it can take care of.

这家商店的顾客多得应接不暇。

The customer is always right.

顾客至上。

2. [口] 家伙，小子：

a difficult customer　难缠的家伙

★customs [‘kʌstəmz] n.[c]

1. the place where your bags are checked for illegal goods when you go into a country　海关（常用　the customs）：

The customs formalities are simple.

海关手续很简单。

It took us only four minutes to get through the customs.

我们只用了四分钟就通过了海关。

2. 关税（常用复数）：

We had to pay customs on the camera equipment we bought abroad.

我们在国外买的照相设备必须付关税。

Did you have to pay customs on the bicycle?

买这辆自行车你需要付关税吗?

cut [kʌt]

Ⅰ vt. ＆ vi. (cut, cut)

1. to use a knife, scissors etc. to divide sth. into pieces, remove a piece from sth.,open sth. etc.切，割，剪，砍，削：

He earned his living by cutting the wood in the hills.

他靠在山里砍柴为生。

I am used to cutting good articles out of newspapers.

我习惯把报上的好文章剪下来。

I had my hair cut yesterday.

昨天我理发了。

2. to reduce the amount of sth., especially sth. such as time or money　削减，删节：

Everyone is pleased to see a cut in price.

看到减价，人人高兴。

cut your report to five pages, please.

请将报告缩短为五页。

The new jet service cuts the travelling time by half.

这种新的喷气式飞机把飞行时间缩短了一半。

3. （幼儿）长牙：

The baby is cutting a tooth.

这宝宝长了一颗牙。

4. 切断，停止供给：

The electricity was cut because of the thunderstorm.

电力因大雷雨而中断。

5. 伤感情：

Her vicious remarks cut me.

她那恶意的话语刺伤了我。

Ⅱ n. [c]

1. act of cutting; opening made by a knife,etc.切割，剪，砍，削：

When the doctor made the cut in my belly I felt as if a feather had brushed over me.

当大夫在我肚子上开刀时，我感到似乎有一根羽毛从身上掠过。

cuts on the face　脸上的伤口

2. reduce by removing a part of it　削减，删节：

There are many cuts in the film.

这电影多处被删。

a power cut　电力削减

3. 伤口：

The cut on his forehead has not yet completely healed.

他额上的伤口还未完全愈合。

▲cut across　走捷径，抄近路：

We cut across the field to save time.

我们为了节省时间而抄近路穿越原野。

▲cut back　削减，减少：

They were forced to cut back production by ten percent.

他们被迫把产量缩减百分之十。

▲cut down　削减，降低，砍倒：

He cut down the dead apple trees.

他砍倒了那棵枯死的苹果树。

because of the economic crisis, the company had to cut down the staff.

由于经济危机，这家公司被迫裁员。

▲cut in

①插嘴，打断：

It’s impolite to cut in while others are talking.

打断别人谈话是不礼貌的。

②夹进来，加塞：

He cut in at the head of the line.

他在队前面加塞。

▲cut off

①切断，砍掉，使隔绝：

Our water supply has been cut off again.

我们的供水又被切断了。

②打断，停止：

The television show was suddenly cut off by a special news report.

电视节目中突然插播特别新闻报道。

③剪去，删去：

He cut off some flowers from the bush.

他从灌木从中剪下一些花。

▲cut out

①切下，剪下：

He cut out an article from People’s Daily.

他从《人民日报》上剪下一篇文章。

②删除：

Let’s cut out the first three chapters.

我们把前三章删去吧。

▲cut short　突然停止：

He cut short his tour abroad and returned to Paris.

他中断了国外旅游，返回巴黎。

cute [kju:t] adj.

cute people are attractive in a way they look or behave　漂亮的；娇小可爱的；机灵的，精明的：

Oh, look at that dog! It’s so cute!

哦，看看那条狗！它太可爱了！

cycle** [‘saikl]

Ⅰ n. [c]

1.a bicycle or motorcycle　自行车；摩托车：

ride on a cycle　骑自行车

2. a number of related events that happen again and again in the same order　周期，循环，一转：

the cycle of the seasons　季节的循环

Ⅱ vt. ＆ vi.

1. ride a bicycle　骑自行车：

cycle to work　骑自行车上班

2. cause to go through a recurring sequence　循环：

Four seasons cycle year after year.

一年四季循环往复。