The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or,subject to article 12,derogate from or vary the effect of any ofits provisions.
第一,排除全部《公约》适用的选择权。本条前半句规定,“双方当事人可以排除本《公约》的适用”。这里的“本公约”显然是指《公约》整体。据此,合同双方当事人有权选择不适用整个《公约》。即使在符合《公约》第1条等条款规定的适用条件下,当事人依然可以决定排除《公约》的适用。
第二,排除部分《公约》适用的选择权。本条并没有明确规定,合同当事人是否拥有排除部分《公约》适用的选择权。但国际合同法学界一般认为:本条赋予了当事人这一权利。笔者认同这一观点。因为在本条后半句有关“减损本《公约》的任何规定或改变其效力”的规定中已经蕴含了这一授权。所谓“减损本《公约》的任何规定或改变其效力”是指:合同当事人约定不适用《公约》的某些条款,或者更改甚至重新拟定《公约》的部分条款。[100]而排除部分条款的适用或更改、修订部分条款的内容并不一定排除《公约》其他条款的适用。所以,这后半句实质上赋予了合同当事人选择部分适用《公约》的权利。[101]
对于第一类选择权的行使,《公约》没有规定任何限制。但是,对于第二类选择权的行使,《公约》设置了限制条件。这一限制条件就规定在本条后半句有关“在第12条规定的条件下,减损本《公约》的任何规定或改变其效力”中。这里的“在第12条规定的条件下”要求:当事人行使第二类选择权必须符合第12条规定的条件。该第12条授予成员国的一项重要权利是:它们可以根据《公约》第96条的规定通过发布声明而对《公约》第11条、第29条或者其他允许当事人以书面以外方式签订销售合同、对合同进行修改、协议终止合同、发出邀约、承诺或其他意思表示的条款行使保留权。一旦一个缔约国作出了此种保留声明,而且一方当事人的营业地碰巧位于该缔约国境内,那么,双方当事人行使本条下的选择权便不得减损本条或改变其效力。《公约》设置限制的目的是防止当事人通过行使本条规定的选择权而规避那些行使保留权的国家中有关合同形式的强制性规定。[102]
除了第12条规定的限制之外,国际合同法学界还认为:合同当事人不得减损《公约》中那些具有国际公法性质的条款或改变这些条款的效力,例如第89~101条便是此类条款,因为这些条款规范的主体是国际公法上的主体即主权国家,而不是私法上的主体即国际货物买卖合同的当事人。[103]另外,还有部分学者认为:《公约》第4条[104]、第7条[105]、第28条[106]也属于当事人不得排除适用的条款。
所谓“明示行使选择权的形式”是指当事人可以明确表示:《公约》或其中的哪些条款将不适用于他们之间的合同。一般认为:当事人可以通过明示的方式排除《公约》的适用。而这种明示选择又可包括两种:其一,在明示排除《公约》适用的同时,约定了适用于其合同的法律;其二,在明示排除《公约》适用时,没有约定适用于其合同的法律。[107]
所谓“默示排除《公约》适用的方法”是指:合同当事人没有作出明确排除《公约》适用的约定,但有迹象表明,他们不愿选择《公约》作为适用于其合同的法律。《公约》没有明确规定当事人是否可以通过默示的方式选择不适用《公约》,但是,国际合同法学界[111]和司法界[112]的主流观点认为:合同当事人可以通过这种方式排除《公约》的适用。默示排除《公约》适用的方法很多,大致可以区分为以下几类:
第二,选择适用某一缔约国的法律。这是指:当事人没有明确作出排除《公约》适用的约定,但是他们约定:某一缔约国的法律将适用于其合同。对于这种情形,部分仲裁机构和法院认为:这也间接地排除了《公约》的适用,否则,这种选择没有任何实际意义。[114]但是这一看法有些过于绝对。当事人选择适用某一缔约国的法律,并不一定等同于他们决定不适用《公约》。因为在《公约》的成员国中,《公约》也是该国用以调整其国际贸易的法律,所以,选择某一成员国的法律也可能意味着他们约定选择适用《公约》。从国际贸易司法实践看,大多数仲裁机构和法院肯定这一观点。[115]根据这些裁决或判决,这种选择是否具有排除《公约》适用的作用,主要取决于当事人在约定中是否直接指明将适用该成员国的“国内法”。如果其约定没有特别指明这一点,则没有排除《公约》的适用;反之,则被认为排除了《公约》的适用。例如,如果当事人双方约定适用德国《民法典》或中国《合同法》,这就属于直接指明“适用成员国的国内法”的情形,从而排除了《公约》的适用。如果双方当事人仅仅约定适用“德国法”或“中国法”,则没有排除《公约》的适用。
第四,在事实上依据国内法进行辩护。在已经具备适用《公约》所有条件的情况下,当事人仅仅依据国内法提起诉讼,这是否意味着当事人已经默示地排除了《公约》的适用?目前在国际上根据不同的司法传统,大致有两种不同的做法:其一,在承认“法官必须知道适用于争议的法律(juranovitcuria)”这一原则的国家中,当事人的这种做法具有有条件地排除《公约》适用的功能,即当事人仅仅根据国内法提起诉讼或作出辩护本身并不一定导致排除适用《公约》,还必须有其他迹象表明:当事人有排除《公约》适用的意图。[117]但有的法院却认为:在这种情况下,当事人的认知有错误,故作出适用《公约》的决定。[118]其二,在那些不承认“法官必须知道适用于争议的法律”这一原则的国家,法院和仲裁机构认为:在这种情况下,当事人默示地排除了《公约》的适用,故作出了应该适用当事人引用的国内法的决定。[119]
第五,选择适用Incoterms。在国际贸易实践中,当事人有可能约定适用Incoterms。一般认为,选择适用Incoterms并不意味着默示排除《公约》的适用,因为Incoterms仅仅涉及国际货物买卖合同中的部分条款。[120]因此,在当事人选择Incoterms时,还必须根据其他因素来判断是否排除了《公约》的适用。
如上所述,根据本条明确授权,合同当事人可以自由选择适用全部或部分《公约》。但是,《公约》没有明确规定:在不具备《公约》规定的适用条件的情况下,当事人是否有权选择适用《公约》。1964年《国际货物买卖合同成立统一法公约》第4条便明确进行了这样的授权。一般认为:《公约》中没有加入类似的条款并不必然意味着:禁止当事人选择适用《公约》,而且根本没有必要在《公约》中加入这样的条款,因为《公约》已经赋予当事人充分的意思自治权,根据这一权利,他们完全可以在不具备条件的情况下选择适用《公约》。解决争议的法院或仲裁机构是否承认这种选择则是另外一个问题。[121]在通常情况下,应该由法院或仲裁机构根据适用的国内法来审查当事人的这种选择是否有效。
[1]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.61.
[3]参见张玉卿:《国际货物买卖统一法———联合国货物买卖合同公约释义》,3版,13页,北京,中国商务出版社,2009。
[4]Joseph Lookofsky,
The1980UnitedNationsConventiononContractsforthe InternationalSaleofGoods,Kluwer Law International,the Hague,2000,p.33;Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.54.
[5]Erik Jayme,C.M.Bianca(Author),Michael Joachim Bonell,Bianca-Bonell Com mentary on the International Sales Law,p.30;Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.65.
[6]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.69.
[7]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.72; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.6.
[8]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.71.
[9]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.12.
[10]Joseph Lookofsky,The 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,Kluwer Law International,the Hague,2000,p.36.
[11]Erik Jayme,in C.M.Bianca(Author),Michael JoachimBonell,Bianca-Bonell Com mentary on the International Sales Law.p.33;Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom-mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.68.
[12]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.13.
[13]张玉卿:《国际货物买卖统一法———联合国货物买卖合同公约释义》,23页。Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.81.
[15]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.82.
[16]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.83.
[17]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.82; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.13.
[18]O G H,11.2.1997,CISG Onl ine 298.
[19]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.83.
[20]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.86; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.13.
[21]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.86.
[22]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.2,Rdn.7.
[23]Herer,2.Aufl .Art.2,Rn.2.3.
[24]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.88; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.13.
[25]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.13.
[26]参见张玉卿:《国际货物买卖统一法———联合国货物买卖合同公约释义》,26页。
[27]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.88.
[28]参见张玉卿:《国际货物买卖统一法———联合国货物买卖合同公约释义》,27页。
[29]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.89.
[30]Enderlein/Maskow/Strohbach,Art .2 Anm.7.2;Herber,2.Aufl .Art .2 Rn.33.
[31]Audit,Vente Internationale,S.30; H onnold,Rn.54;另参见张玉卿:《国际货物买卖统一法———联合国货物买卖合同公约释义》,27页。
[32]Enderlein/M askow/Strohbach,Art.2 Anm.7.2; Pi lz,Internationales Kau-frecht,§ 2 Rn.52; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Conven-tion on the International Sale of Goods,p.13.
[33]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.13.
[34]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.13.
[35]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.91; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Inter-national Sale of Goods,p.13.
[36]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.3,Rn.4.
[37]CL O U T case No.157 [Cour dappel Chambéry,France,25 M ay 1993].
[38]CL O U T case No.331 [Handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,10 February 1999](see full text of the decision);CL O U T case No.2 [Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am M ain,Germany,17 September 1991](see fulltext of the decision).
[39]《朗文当代高级英语辞典》,1541页,北京,商务印书馆,1998。
[40]潘再平:《新德汉词典》(《德汉词典》修订本),1343页,上海,上海译文出版社,1999。
[41]Enderlein/M askow/Strohbach,Art.3,Anm.3.
[42]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.3,Rn.4; H onnold,Rn.59.
[43]Winship,Scope,S.1-24.
[44]CL O U T case No.164 [Arbitration—Arbitration Court attached to the H ungar-ian Chamber of Com merce and Industry,H ungary,5 December 1995](see full text of the decision).
[45]John O.H onnold,Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention,3rd ed.(1999),pp.56-62.Reproduced with permission of the publ isher,Kluwer Law International,the Hague.,见http: //w w w .cisg .law .pace .edu/cisg/bibl io/ho3.html,访问时间:2015-05-21。
[46]参见张玉卿:《国际货物买卖统一法———联合国货物买卖合同公约释义》,27页。
[47]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.96.
[48]H onnold,Rn.60.2;Reimers-Zocher,S.177.
[49]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.3,Rn.12.
[51]见http: //w w w.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/preponderant,访问时间:2014-05-12。
[52]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,S.92.
[54]Bianca/Bonell/Khoo,Art.3,Anm.2.3.; Witz/Salger/Loranz,Art.3,Rn .4;U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the Interna-tional Sale of Goods,p.14.
[55]CL O U T case No.122 [Oberlandesgericht Kln,Germany,26 August 1994].
[56]CL O U T case No.152 [Cour dappel Grenoble,France,26 Apri l 1995](see fulltext of the decision).
[57]CLO U T case No.346 [Landgericht Mainz,Germany,26 November 1998];Czer-wenka,Rechtsanwendungsprobleme,S.144;Staudinger/Magnus,Art .3,Rn.21.
[58]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.4,Rn.8;CL O U T case No.253 [Cantone del Ticino Tribunale dappello,Switzer-land,15 January 1998];Bundesgerichtshof,Germany,9 January 2002,
Internation-alesHandelsrecht,2002,19;CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000];CL O U T case No.380 [Tribunale di Pavia,Italy,29 December 1999].
[60]Achi lles,Art.3,Rn.2;Pi lz,Internationales Kaufrecht,§ 3,Rn.2.
[61]O G H,22.10.2001,CISG-Onl ine 613;O G H,6.2.1996,CISG-Onl ine 224.
[62]Enderlein/M askow/Strohbach,Art.4,Anm.3.1.
[63]Geneva Pharmaceuticals Tech.Corp.v.Barr Labs.Inc.,U.S.Dist.C T(S .D .N .Y.),10.5.2002,CISG-Onl ine 653.
[64]United Nations Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,Vienna,10 M arch-11 Apri l 1980,Official Records,Documents of the Conference and Sum mary Records of the Plenary M eetings and of the M eetings of the M ain Com mittee,1981,17.
[65]Audit,Vente Internationale,S.31; Witz/Salger/Loranz,Art.4,Rn.8.
[66]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.4,Rn.17.
[67]Herber,2.Aufl .,Art.4.,Rn.9,15.
[68]CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000](see full text of the decision); CL O U T case No.333 [han-delsgericht des Kantons Aargau,Switzerland,11 June 1999](see full text of the decision);Landgericht Berl in,24 M arch 1999,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.uni lex.info/case.cfm? pid=1 & do=case &id=440 & step=FullText;CL O U T case No.251 [handelsgericht des Kan-tons Zürich,Switzerland,30 November 1998](see full text of the decision);CL O U T case No.189 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,20 M arch 1997](seefulltext ofthe deci-sion);CL O U T case No.335 [A G Tessin,Switzerland,12 February 1996],also in Schweizerische Zeitschrift für europisches und internationales Recht,1996,135 ff ..
[69]Camara Nacional de los Apelaciones en lo Comercial,Argentina,14 October 1993,Uni lex;Rechtbank van Koophandel hasselt,17 June 1998,avai lable on the In-ternet at http: //w w w.law.kuleuven.ac.be/int/tradelaw/W K/1998-06-17.htm; hof van Beroep Antwerpen,Belgium,18 June 1996,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.law.kuleuven.ac.be/int/tradelaw/W K/1996-06-18.htm; hof Arnhem,Nether-lands,22August 1995,Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht,1995,No.514;CL O U T case No.104[Arbitration—International Chamber of Com merce No.7197,1993];CL O U T case No.47 [Landgericht Aachen,Germany,14 M ay 1993](see full text of the decision).
[70]Stoll,Internationalprivatrechtl iche Fragen,S.512; CL O U TcaseNo.428 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,7 September 2000],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.cisg.at/8_2200v.htm;Rechtbank Zutphen,Netherlands,29 M ay 1997,Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht,1998,No.110; A G Nordhorn,Germany,14 June 1994,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/ ;O G H,7.9.2000,CISG-Onl ine 642.
[71]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.3,Rn.22.
[72]Pi lz,Internationales Kaufrecht,§ 2 Rn.141.
[73]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.4,Rn.17.
[74]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.18;CL O U T case No.308 [Federal Court of Austral ia,28 Apri l 1995];CL O U T case No.226 [Oberlandesgericht Koblenz,Germany,16 January 1992].
[75]Bundesgericht,Switzerland,11 July 2000,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w .cisg .law .pace.edu/cisg/text/000711s1german.html,CLO U T case No.196 [handels-gericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,26 Apri l 1995](see ful ltext ofthe decision).
[76]Pi lz,NJ W 2000,553,556.
[77]L GHamburg,26.9.1990,CISG-Onl ine 21; Rechtbank vanKoophandel Ieper,29 January 2001,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w .law .kuleuven .ac .be/int/tradelaw/W K/2001-01-29 .htm;CL O U T case No .428,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w .cisg .at/8 _2200v .htm;CL O U T case No .378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000](see fulltext of the decision);CL O U T case No .297 [Oberlandes-gericht M ünchen,Germany,21 January 1998](see fulltext ofthe decision);Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,25 June 1998,Zeitschrift für Rechtsvergleichung,2000,77;CL O U T case No.345 [Landgericht hei lbronn,Germany,15 September 1997].
[78]Pi lz,NJ W 2000,553,556;CL O U T case No.124 [Bundesgerichtshof,Ger-many,15 February 1995](see fulltext of the decision).
[79]CL O U T case No.605 [Oberster Gerichtshof,22 October 2001],also in Inter-nationales Handelsrecht,2002,27;CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Ita-ly,12 July 2000](see full text of the decision);CL O U T case No.360 [A mtsgericht Duisburg,Ger-many,13 Apri l 2000]also in Internationales Handelsrecht,2001,114 f .;CL O U T case No.232 [Oberlandesgericht M ünchen,Germany,11 M arch 1998];CL O U T case No.259 [Kantonsgericht Freiburg,Switzerland,23 January 1998];Land-gericht hagen,Germany,15 October 1997,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/ ;Landgericht M ünchen,Germany,6 M ay 1997,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/urtei le/text/341.htm;CL O U T case No.273 [Oberlandesgericht M ünchen,Germany,9 July 1997](see full text of the decision);CL O U T case No.275 [Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf,Germany,24 Apri l 1997](see fulltext of the decision);CL O U T case No.169 [Ober-landesgericht Düsseldorf,Germany,11 July 1996];Landgericht Duisburg,Germany,17 Apri l 1996,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/ ; CL O U T case No.289[Ober-landesgericht Stuttgart,Germany,21August 1995].
[80]CL O U T case No.338 [Oberlandesgericht ham m,Germany,23 June 1998].
[81]CL O U T case No.613 [[Federal]Northern DistrictforIll inois,U SA 28 M arch 2002],also in 2002 W estlaw 655540(Usinor Industeel v.Leeco Steel Products,Inc.)and on the Internet at http: //cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/020328u1.html.
[82]Landgericht M ünchen,Germany,25 January 1996,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/.
[83]CLO U T Case No.579 [ [Federal]Southern District Court for New york,10 May 2002],also in 2002 U.S.Dist .LEXIS 8411(Geneva Pharmaceuticals Tech .Corp .v .Barr Labs .Inc .),and on the Internet at http: //cisgw3.law .pace.edu/cases/020510u1 .html.
[84]CL O U T case No.84 [Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am M ain,Germany,20 A-pri l 1994](see fulltext of the decision);CL O U T case No.605 [Oberster Gerichtshof,22 October 2001 ],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.cisg.at/1_4901i .htm;CL O U T case No.255 [Tribunal Cantonal du Valais,Switzerland,30 June 1998].
[85]CL O U T case No.80 [Kam mergericht Berl in,Germany,24 January 1994].
[87]ICC,6653/1993,CISG-Onl ine 71.
[88]Achi lles,Art.4,Rn.15; Herber,2.Aufl .Art.4 Rn.22;Schlechtriem/Fer-rari,Kom mentar zum Einheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.4,Rn.49.
[89]BG H,9.10.2002,CISG-Onl ine 651.
[91]CL O U T case No.196 [handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,26 A-pri l 1995].
[92]Staudinger/M agnus,Art.5,Rn.5.
[93]Staudinger/Magnus,Art .5,Rn.6; Witz/Salger/Loranz/Lorenz,Art .5,Rn.2.
[94]Kritzer,Guide to practical appl ication,S.95.
[95]CL O U T case No.196 [handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,26 Apri l 1995].
[96]CL O U T case No.196 [handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,26 Apri l 1995].
[97]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.21.
[98]CL O U T case No.229 [Bundesgerichtshof,Germany,4 December 1996](see fulltext of the decision).
[99]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.6,Rn.7;U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods,p.22.
[100]参见张玉卿:《国际货物买卖统一法———联合国货物买卖合同公约释义》,50页。
[101]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.6,Rn.34.
[102]Staudinger/M agnus,Art.6,Rn.52.
[103]Czerwenka,Rechtsanwendungsprobleme,S.172; U N CIT R A L,Digestof Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods,p.22.
[104]Bianca/Bonell/Bonell,Art.6,Anm.3.4.
[105]Bianca/Bonell/Bonell,Art.6,Anm.2.
[106]M ueller-Chen,Art.28,Rn.24.
[107]Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.6,Rn.3; U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods,p.22; Witz/Salg-er/Loranz/Lorenz,Art.6,Rn.4.
[108]BG H.9.1.2002.CIS H-Onl ine 651;Pi lz,IH R 2002,2,6.
[109]CL O U T case No.122 [Oberlandesgericht Kln,Germany,26 August 1994];CL O U T case No.292 [Oberlandesgericht Saarbrücken,Germany,13 January 1993](see fulltext ofthe decision);CL O U T case No.331 [handelsgericht Kanton Zürich,10 February 1999].
[110]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.22.
[111]Audit,Vente Internationale,S.38;Bamberger/Roth/Saenger,Art.6,Rn .2; Witz/Salger/Loranz/Lorenz,Art.6,Rn.2.
[112]CL O U T case No.605 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,22 October 2001],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.cisg.at/1 _7701g.htm;Cour de Cassation,France,26 June 2001,avai lable on the Internet at http: //witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions/2606012v.htm; CL O U T case No.483[Audiencia Provincial de Al icante,Spain,16 November 2000];CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000];Oberlandesgericht Dresden,Germany,27 December 1999,avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.jura.uni-freiburg.de/ipr1/cisg/urtei le/text/511.htm;CLO U T case No.273 [Oberlandesgericht M ünchen,Germany,9 July 1997](see fulltext ofthe deci-sion);CL O U T case No.136 [Oberlandes-gericht Celle,Germany,24 M ay 1995](see fulltext of the decision).
[113]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.22.
[114]CL O U T case No.92 [Arbitration—Ad hoc tribunal,19 Apri l 1994]; Cour dAppel Colmar,France,26 September 1995,avai lable on the Internet at:http: //witz.jura.uni-sb.de/cisg/decisions/260995.htm;CL O U T case No.326 [Kantonsgericht des Kantons Zug,Switzerland,16 M arch 1995];CL O U T case No.54 [Tribunale Civi le de M onza,Italy,14 January 1993].
[115]CLO U T case No.541 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,14 January 2002(see ful l text ofthe decision approving lower appeals courtreasoning);CLO U T case No.631 [Supreme Court of Queensland,Austral ia,17 November 2000];CLO U T case No.429 [Oberlandes-gericht Frankfurt,30 August 2000],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //cisgw3 .law .pace .edu/cisg/text/000830g1german.html;CLO U T case No.630 [Court of Arbitration ofthe International Chamber of Com merce,Zurich,Switzerland,July 1999](see ful l text of the decision); CLO U T case No.270[Bundesgerichtshof,Germany,25 November 1998 ];CLO U T case No.297 [Oberlandesgericht München,Germany,21 January 1998](see ful l text ofthe decision);CLO U T case No.220 [Kantonsgericht Nidwalden,Switzerland,3 De-cember 1997]; CLO U T case No.236[Bundesgerichtshof,Germany,23 July 1997 ];CLO U T case No.287 [Oberlandesgericht München,Germany,9 July 1997];CLO U T case No.230 [Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe,Germany,25 June 1997](see ful l text of the deci-sion);CLO U T case No.214 [Handelsgericht des Kantons Zürich,Switzerland,5 February 1997](see ful ltext ofthe decision);CLO U T case No.206 [Cour de Cassation,France,17 December 1996](see ful ltext of the decision);CLO U T case No.409 [Landgericht Kassel,Germany,15 February 1996],also in Neue Juristische W ochenschri ft Rechtsprechungs-Re-port,1996,1146 f .;CLO U T case No.125 [Oberlandesgericht Ham m,Germany,9 June 1995];Rechtbank sGravenhage,the Netherlands,7 June 1995,Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht,1995,No.524;CLO U T case No.167 [Oberlandesgericht München,Germa-ny,8 February 1995](seeful ltext ofthe decision);CLO U T case No.48 [Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf,Germany,8 January 1993];ICC Court of Arbitration,award No.9187,avai la-ble on the Internet at http: //w w w.uni lex.info/case.cfm?pid=1 & do=case&id=466 &step=FullText;CL O U T case No.93 [Arbitration—Internationales Schiedsgericht der Bundeskam mer der gewerbl ichen Wirtschaft— Wien,15 June 1994].
[116]Schlechtriem/Ferrari,Kom mentar zumEinheitl ichen U N-Kaufrecht—CISG,Art.6,Rn.31;U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods,p.22.
[117]CL O U T case No.378 [Tribunale di Vigevano,Italy,12 July 2000];CL O U T case No.125 [Oberlandesgericht Ham m,Germany,9 June 1995];Landgericht Land-shut,Germany,5 Apri l 1995,Uni lex.
[118]CL O U T case No.136 [Oberlandesgericht Celle,Germany,24 M ay 1995](see fulltext of the decision).
[119][Oregon Court of Appeals,United States],12 Apri l 1995,133 Or.App.633(GPL Treatment Ltd.v.Louisiana-Pacific Group);Cour de Cassation,France,26 June 2001,avai lableonthe Internetathttp: //witz.jura.uni-sb.de/CISG/decisions/2606012v.htm;ICC Court of Arbitration,award No.8453,ICC Court of Arbitration Bulletin,2000,55.
[120]CL O U T case No.605 [Oberster Gerichtshof,Austria,22 October 2001],also avai lable on the Internet at http: //w w w.cisg.at/1 _7701g.htm.
[121]U N CIT R A L,Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on the In-ternational Sale of Goods,p.23.