▷▷▷第二节 新经济发展的特征及必要条件
Section Two Characteristics and Necessary Conditions of New Economic Development

一、新经济发展的特征

1. Characteristics of New Economic Development

从技术特点来看，新经济发展依托的技术是指数级增长、数字化进步、融合式创新。新经济更注重创新，视其为推动发展的第一动力，将新技术视为创新实现过程中最关键的要素，更加注重知识、技术等要素的投入，实行内涵式的扩大再生产。与传统工业革命下的技术相比，新经济所依托的技术发生了本质变化，具体表现为“指数级的增长、数字化的进步和融合式的创新”。新技术将以摩尔定律的速度快速更迭，并向各个领域广泛渗透，从而引发传统生产生活方式的颠覆性变革。

From the perspective of technical characteristics, the development of new economy relies on exponential growth, digital progress and integrated innovation. In the new economy, it pays more attention to innovation and regards it as the first driving force to promote development. The new technology is considered as the most critical factor in the process of innovation. It pays more attention to the input of knowledge, technology etc., and implements connotative expanded reproduction. Compared with the technology under the traditional industrial revolution, the technology on which the new economy relies has undergone essential changes, which are embodied in“exponential growth, digital progress and integrated innovation”. New technologies will change rapidly with the speed of Moore's law and infiltrate into various fields, which will lead to a subversive change in the traditional modes of production and life.

从创新内涵来看，新经济发展涉及的创新是涵盖技术、业态、模式、制度的全面创新。新经济的创新不再局限于科技创新，而是向业态创新、模式创新、制度创新的全面拓展。相应地，创新投入也不局限于传统的研发投入，还包括知识资本、无形资产的投入（专利、技术、版权、诀窍、发明、创意、管理、信息以及高智力人力资本等），且无形资产投入远超过有形资产投入。

From the perspective of innovation connotation, the innovation involved in the new economy development is comprehensive, covering technology, format, mode and system. The innovation of the new economy is no longer limited to that of science and technology, but extends to that of business forms, modes and systems. Correspondingly, innovation investment is not limited to traditional R&D investment, but also including investment in intellectual capital and intangible assets（patents, technology, copyright, know-how, invention, creativity, management, information and high intelligence human capital, etc.）, among which the investment in intangible assets is far more than that in tangible assets.

从发展逻辑来看，新经济发展依赖新场景的助推。新场景是新经济发展的新逻辑，用场景破除技术与实体经济的供需对接矛盾，为技术找到商业化应用落点，为产业找到转型升级的解决方案，重点在培育新产业来带动城市发展。从技术视角看，场景是推动创新应用的新孵化平台；从企业视角看，场景是寻求改变人类生活方式的新试验空间；从产业视角看，场景是推动产业爆发的新生态载体；从消费视角看，场景助力消费升级，释放市场需求，为消费者提供更多美好生活新体验①。

From the perspective of development logic, the development of new economy depends on the boost of new scenescapes. New scenescapes are the new logic of new economic development. It can break the contradiction between supply and demand of technology and real economy, find the commercial application for technology and the solution of industry transformation and upgrading, and focus on cultivating new industries to drive urban development. From the perspective of technology, scenescapes are new incubation platforms to promote innovative applications; from the perspective of enterprises, scenescapes are new experimental space to change the way of human life; from the perspective of industry, scenescapes are new ecological carriers to promote industrial explosion; from the perspective of consumption, scenescapes help consumption upgrade, releases market demand, and provides consumers with more new experiences of a better life.

从产业形态来看，新经济发展呈现出跨界融合、边界模糊的特征。新经济与以往行业分类相对清晰的工业经济、服务经济不同。伴随信息技术的深度应用和互联网向传统产业领域的广泛渗透，基于不同应用创新大量涌现，制造服务融合、生产服务融合、服务跨行业融合、线上线下融合层出不穷，传统的三次产业边界趋于模糊，催生出形形色色的跨界融合“新物种”。

From the perspective of industrial form, new economy development presents the characteristics of cross-border integration and fuzzy boundary. The new economy is different from the industrial economy and service economy with clearly classification in the past. With the in-depth application of information technology and the wide penetration of Internet into traditional industries, a large number of innovations based on different applications have emerged, including the integration of manufaction and service, production and service，cross-business service, online and offline. The boundaries of three traditional industries tend to be blurred, giving birth to a variety of“new species”with cross-border integration.

从运作模式来看，新经济的发展呈现平台化、共享化的特征。互联网时代“共享”的特征明显，经济行为进一步公共化，各类要素通过嵌入开放式的网络平台，实现研发公共化（个体将创意、设计分享到网络）、销售公共化（从电商到微商，网络平台进一步促进供求的广域、快速和无缝对接）、数据信息公共化（如维基百科、百度百科等）。这带来了经济运作模式的重大变化，企业可依托免费平台提供增值服务实现盈利。

From the perspective of operation mode, the development of new economy presents the characteristics of platformization and shared. The characteristics of“sharing”in the Internet era are obvious, and the economic behavior is further public. Various factors are embedded in the open network platform to realize the publicity of R&D（individuals share their creativity and design on the network）, the publicity of sales（from e-commerce to We-chat commerce, and the network platform further promotes the wide, fast and seamless connection of supply and demand）, and the publicity of data and information（such as Wikipedia, Baidu Encyclopedia, etc.）, which has brought about significant changes in the mode of economic operation. Enterprises can rely on the free platform to provide value-added services to achieve profits.

从创新主体来看，新经济的发展实现了从封闭式的研究机构走向个体的开放式创新。传统经济中的创新主体主要是高校、科研机构、企业中的技术研发人员，新经济中的创新主体拓展到创客、个体，并带动各类风险投资、私募基金、加速器、孵化器等主体参与，形成生生不息的“热带雨林”。如，深圳形成了诸多创业服务资源集聚的众创空间，集聚了天使汇、飞马旅、大家投等各领域各类型的创业服务机构，是一种典型的众创经济。

From the perspective of innovation subject, the development of new economy has realized the transformation from closed research institutions to open individual innovation. In the traditional economy, the main body of innovation is the R&D personnel in universities, scientific research institutions and enterprises. In the new economy, the main body of innovation extends to individual entrepreneur, with the participation of various venture capital, private equity funds, accelerators and incubators, forming an endless“tropical rain forest”. For example, Shenzhen has formed the“maker space”gathering many entrepreneurial service resources, such as institutions in various fields of Angel Crunch, Pegasus Group, and Dajiatou（Chinese Angel List）. This is a typical crowd making economy.

从经济驱动力来看，新经济是典型的需求导向、用户牵引模式。互联网时代的新经济是一种突出需求导向、通过用户来牵引和驱动的经济，这与传统经济中强调生产者生产能力和规模经济的发展模式截然不同。进入互联网时代后，新型的商业模式逐渐打破传统模式，以消费者需求为基点，共享经济、平台经济等模式逐渐兴起，各级经济主体之间的界线不复存在。现在的商业模式以顾客为主、服务为主，以新盈利理念为核心，颠覆了传统消费模式，迎合新的消费理念。比如，“互联网+银行”的结合带来了支付宝等第三方支付平台的兴起，“互联网+医疗”的结合创造出了移动就医问诊平台。

From the perspective of economic driving force, the new economy is a typical demand-oriented and user-driven mode. The new economy in the Internet era is quite different from the traditional economy emphasizing the producer's production capacity and scale economy. After entering the Internet era, new business modes gradually break the traditional ones. Based on the consumers demand, shared economy, platform economy and other modes gradually rise, and the boundaries between economic entities at different levels no longer exist. The current business mode is customer-oriented and service-oriented, with the new profit concept as the core, subverting the traditional consumption model and catering to the new consumption concept. For example, the combination of“Internet plus banking”has brought the rise of the third-party payment platform such as Alipay. The combination of Internet plus medical care has created a mobile medical inquiry platform.

二、新经济发展的必要条件

2. Necessary Conditions of New Economic Development

新技术是新经济发展的奠基石。在传统经济中，主要依靠要素规模化效应推动经济向前发展，依赖低成本资源和生产要素的高强度投入，采用外延式的生产方式，科技进步和创新对经济增长的贡献率偏低。在新经济中，更注重创新，视其为推动发展的第一动力，将新技术视为创新实现过程中最关键的要素，更加注重知识、技术等要素的投入，实行内涵式的扩大再生产。高质量创新要素是“新经济”发展的动力源，但高质量创新要素的培养并不是一蹴而就的，不论是技术、知识，还是信息、数据，都需要经过较长时间的积累、沉淀、挖掘、优化、检验，才能使之成为高价值特征的战略资源。

New technology is the cornerstone of new economic development. The traditional economy mainly depends on the large-scale effect to promote economic development, relying on low-cost resources and high-intensity input of production factors and adopting the extensive production mode, with low contribution rate of scientific and technological progress and innovation to economic growth. The new economy attaches more attention to innovation and regards it as the first driving force to promote development, considers new technology as the most critical factor in the process of innovation, pays more attention to the input of knowledge, technology and other factors, and implements connotative expanded reproduction. High-quality innovation factors are the power source of the development of“new economy”, but the cultivation of high-quality innovation factors is not achieved overnight. Whether it is technology, knowledge, information or data, it needs a long time of accumulation, precipitation, exploiting, optimization and testing to make it a strategic resource with high value.

新产业和新业态是新经济发展的孵化池。第四次工业革命（数字革命）将融合应用智能化、数字化的新型技术，以对传统经济改造升级，这一革命在全球产业变革中的影响最为广泛，它催生了如电子商务、云计算、人工智能、新能源、物联网等新产业。受益于信息技术的迅速发展，新技术在各个行业领域中的应用频率也加速提高，并在其中不断渗透深入，形成了技术与产业、行业跨界融合的新型组织形态，简称“新业态”。互联网、大数据等新型信息技术与第一、二、三产业逐渐融合，创造出智慧城市、智慧交通、智慧旅游、智慧农业、生物农业、观光农业、远程授课、移动办公、跨境电子商务等新业态。新经济的发展逻辑是，通过技术的应用发展来“孵化”新产业和新业态，通过实践培育新动能，再由新产业和新业态“孵化”新经济。

New industries and new forms of business are the incubators of new economic development. The fourth industrial revolution（Digital Revolution） will integrate new intelligent and digital technologies to transform and upgrade the traditional economy. This revolution has the most extensive impact on the global industrial revolution, and has spawned new industries such as e-commerce, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, new energy, Internet of things and so on. Benefiting from the rapid development of information technology, the application frequency of new technology in various industries has been increased, and the penetration of new technology has been deepened, forming a new organizational form of cross-border integration of technology, industry and trade. The Internet, big data and other new information technologies are gradually integrated into the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, creating new forms of business such as smart city, smart transportation, smart tourism, smart agriculture, biological agriculture, sightseeing agriculture, distance teaching, mobile office, cross-border e-commerce, etc. The development logic of new economy is to“incubate”new industries and new forms through the application and development of technology, cultivate new growth driver through practice, and then“incubate”new economy through new industries and new forms.

新模式是实现新经济发展的重要手段。在传统经济中，传统商业模式是在生产商与消费者之间逐次传递的，不能跨越任何一个商业主体，在各级经济主体之间形成沟通限制，并且多以线下交易为主，实行“一手交钱一手交货”的方式，更注重效益，不以客户满意度为经营标准。进入互联网时代后，新型的商业模式逐渐打破传统模式，以消费者需求为基点，共享经济、租赁经济等商业模式逐渐兴起，各级经济主体之间的界线不复存在，形成以顾客为主、服务为主的新盈利理念，颠覆了传统消费模式，迎合了新的消费理念。

The new mode is an important means to realize the development of new economy. In the traditional economy, the traditional business mode happens between producers and consumers, which can't cross any business entity and form communication restrictions between economic entities at different levels. It mainly focuses on offline transactions and implements the mode of“give money and get goods”. It pays more attention to the level of efficiency without taking customers' satisfaction as the prior standard. After entering the Internet era, the new business mode gradually breaks the traditional one. Based on the consumers' demand, the sharing economy, leasing economy and other business modes gradually rise. The boundaries no longer exist between different economic entities. The new profit-making concept of customer-orientation and service-orientation is considered as the core, subverting the traditional consumption mode and catering to the new consumption concept.

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