一、现存历代古建模型举例

Examples of Existing Ancient Architecture

1.佛光寺大殿

Hall of the Buddha Temple

中国现存规模最大、结构最复杂的唐代木构建筑，位于山西省五台县，建于唐大中十一年（857年）。大殿为单檐庑殿顶，面阔7间^❶，进深4间，通长34米，总进深约17.66米。构架为殿堂型，由下层柱网层、中层铺作层和上层屋架层水平层叠而成。屋面坡度舒缓，出檐深远，檐下有雄大的斗拱，整体雄浑庄重、简洁明朗，彰显了大唐建筑的艺术风采。

It is the largest and most complex wooden framework of the Tang Dynasty in China. Located in Wutai County, Shanxi Province, it was built in the 11th year of Dazhong Era of the Tang Dynasty (857). The main hall is in the form of single-eave hip roof, with a width of 7 jians^❶, a depth of 4 jians, a length of 34 meters, and a total depth of about 17.66 meters. The structure is palace-shaped, which consists of the horizontal layers of the lower pillar net layer, the middle layer and the upper roof truss layer. The slope of the roof is smooth, and the eaves are far-reaching. There are great dougong under the eaves. The building is, overall,magnificent and dignified, simple and clear, reflecting the artistic charm of the Tang Dynasty’s architecture.

2.独乐寺观音阁

Guanyin Pavilion of the Dule Temple

中国现存最早的木构楼阁式建筑，位于天津市蓟州区，相传始建于唐朝，后于辽统和二年（984年）重建。它是一座三层的木构楼阁，其中第二层为暗层，通高23米，阁顶为单檐歇山顶。阁平面为长方形，面阔5间，进深4间。这座建筑的特色是中央有一个从上到下的大天井，用来容纳16米高的观音塑像，四周设两层围廊，人们可以在各层从不同角度进行观赏。

整个建筑的斗拱种类繁多，上下檐的斗拱粗大雄伟，排列疏朗，起承重作用。位于底层斗拱以上和平座楼板以下的夹层，在柱间施以斜撑，增强了结构的刚度，再加上榫卯结构“柔性构造”的减震作用，使得它1000多年来经受了28次地震的考验仍安然无恙，挺立至今。

It is the earliest existing wooden framework pavilion style structure in China, located in Jizhou District, Tianjin City. It is said that it was first built in the Tang Dynasty and was reconstructed in the 2nd year of Tonghe Era of the Liao Dynasty(984). It is a 23-meter three-story wooden framework pavilion, with a dark layer on the second floor and a single-eave gablet roof on the top. The plane of the pavilion is rectangular, 5 jians wide and 4 jians deep. The building features a internal courtyard from top to bottom in the center to accommodate a 16-meter-high statue of Guanyin, surrounded by two-story corridors, through which people can observe the statue in different views.

A great variety of dougong can be seen in the whole building. These dougong, arranged sparsely between the eaves, are strong and magnificent, supporting the load from top. The interlayer, which is located above the dougong of ground floor and below the floor slab of balcony, is placed with a tilt between the pillars to strengthen the stiffness of the structure. Also due to the shock-absorption effect of the “flexible structure” of the mortise and tenon, the building has withstood 28 earthquakes for more than 1,000 years. The architecture is still standing there, safe and sound.

3.晋祠圣母殿

Saint Mother’s Hall of the Jinci Temple

宋代建筑的代表作，建于北宋天圣年间（1023—1032年），崇宁元年（1102年）重修。大殿为重檐歇山顶，面阔7间，进深6间，殿高19米。屋顶覆盖黄琉璃瓦绿剪边，殿四周环绕回廊，前廊进深2间，极为宽敞。其构架采用了减柱处理，以廊柱和檐柱承托殿顶梁架，殿内不立一根柱子，从而扩大了殿内空间。大殿正面8根下檐柱上有木制雕龙缠绕，是《营造法式》中所记载的缠龙柱的现存孤例。整座建筑外形秀丽柔和，反映了北宋的建筑风格和审美意识。

As a masterpiece of the architecture of the Song Dynasty, it was built during Tiansheng Era of the Northern Song Dynasty (1023-1032) and rebuilt in the 1st year of Chongning Era (1102). The hall is 19 meters high, 7 jians wide and 6 jians deep. It has a double eaves gablet roof on the top, which is covered with yellow glazed tiles and green glazed cutting edge. Surrounding the hall, there is a corridor with the front extremely spacious entering the depth of two jians. The column reduction technology is adopted to support the top beam frame of the hall with the corridor columns and eaves columns, there being no pillars in the hall, which expands the space inside the hall. There are wooden dragon sculptures wrapped around the eight lower eaves column in front of the temple, which are the only existing example of the dragon column design recorded in Methods of Construction. The Saint Mother's Hall is graceful and soft, showing the architectural style and aesthetic consciousness of the Northern Song Dynasty.

4.永乐宫三清殿

The Sanqing Hall in the Yongle Palace

永乐宫为元代道观建筑的典型，位于山西省芮城县永乐镇，相传是道教祖师之一吕洞宾的故居。永乐宫建筑规模宏伟，现存的主要建筑有三大殿，包括三清殿、纯阳殿、重阳殿。其中三清殿是永乐宫的主殿，面阔7间，进深4间，单檐庑殿顶。殿内减柱，仅用8根内柱。其形制独特，立面各部分比例和谐，外观柔和秀美，是元代建筑中的精品。

The Yongle Palace is a typical Taoist construction built in the Yuan Dynasty. It is located in Yongle Town, Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province. It is said that it is the home of Lü Dongbin, one of the Taoist ancestors. The Yongle Palace is a magnificent building. The Sanqing Hall, the Chunyang Hall and the Chongyang Hall are three main existing buildings, of which the Sanqing Hall is the main temple of the Yongle Palace. The Sangqing Hall is 7 jians wide and 4 jians deep, with a single-eave hip roof. With column reduction technology, there are only 8 inner columns inside the hall. With its unique form, harmonious proportion for all the parts of facades, soft and beautiful appearance, the Sanqing Hall reflects the superb architectural level of the Yuan Dynasty.

5.雍和宫牌楼

Decorated Gateway of the Yonghe Lama Temple

牌楼是中国古代建筑的一个特殊类别，属于一种纪念性或标志性建筑，多建于宫苑、寺观、陵墓、祠堂、衙署和街道路口等地方，具有表彰、纪念、装饰、标识和导向等作用。

雍和宫是中国规格最高的佛教寺院之一，修建于清康熙三十三年（1694年），曾经为雍亲王府，雍正三年（1725年）上院被改为行宫，称“雍和宫”，乾隆九年（1744年）改作正式的藏传佛教的寺庙。雍和宫门前有三座木结构牌楼，是乾隆皇帝为其母祝寿而建，牌楼造型优美典雅，气势庄重雄伟。

The decorated gate way is a special category of ancient Chinese architecture. As a memorial or landmark building, it was used in ancient China for recognition, commemoration, decoration, marking and guidance. It was mostly built in palaces, temples, tombs, ancestral halls, government offices, and street crossings.

The Yonghe Lama Temple is one of the highest level Buddhist monasteries in China. It was built in the 33th year of Emperor Kangxi’s reign of the Qing Dynasty(1694), and was the prince’s mansion at that time. In the 3rd year of Emperor Yongzheng’s reign (1725), it was changed into a traveling palace, called “Yonghe Palace”. In the 9th year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign (1744), it was officially changed into a Tibetan lama temple. There are three wooden decorated gateways in front of the Yonghe Lama Temple, which were built at the request of Emperor Qianlong for his mother’s birthday. These decorated gateways are elegant and magnificent.

6.紫禁城角楼

Turret of the Forbidden City

紫禁城角楼坐落在紫禁城城垣四角之上，是拱卫皇城的防御性建筑。角楼初建于明永乐十八年（1420年），高27.5米，平面呈曲尺形，结构为9梁18柱，屋顶有3层，由多个歇山式结构组成复合式屋顶，覆黄琉璃瓦，共72条屋脊。角楼各部分比例协调，檐角秀丽，造型玲珑别致，翘起的檐角层层叠叠，蔚为壮观，是中国古代建筑的杰作。

从紫禁城角楼的局部剖面模型中可以看到紫禁城角楼内部的榫卯结构。

The Forbidden City turrets are defensive buildings, located in the four corners of the wall of the Forbidden City. The construction of these turrets was started in the 18th year of Yongle Era of the Ming Dynasty (1420). A turret is a multi-angle building with a four-sided convex plane combination. It is 27.5 meters high, with 9 beams, 18 columns, 72 ridges and a complex three-story gablet roof covered by yellow glazed tiles. The design of the turrets is exquisite and well-proportioned, with various spectacular multi-level eave angles, making it a masterpiece of ancient Chinese architecture.

This model is a local profile model of the Forbidden City turret, from which we can see the mortise and tenon structure inside the turret.