Ⅱ 代名词

13. 不可以说“I think to do so my duty.”,须用代名词it来代替不定词,而说成“I think it my duty to do so.”

“我觉得这样做是我的义务。”译成英文为“I think to do so my duty.”。为什么不通呢?

【解答】英文的不定词近乎是一个万能的词儿,它可以作名词、形容词、副词用。所谓名词,如“To teach is to learn.(教学相长。)”,主语是一定要用名词的。还有宾语也非名词不可,所以“I like to teach.(我喜欢教书。)”,to teach是动词like的宾语,自然也成为名词了。但用作主语或宾语,总是不太好的,惯用法要尽量避免,例如“To waste time is wrong.(浪费时间是不对的。)”,在文法上原不错,不过英文惯用法爱把这句说成:

It is wrong to waste time.

这表示不喜欢用不定词作主语,要凭空找出一个代名词的it来,放在主语的地位上,而把原有的不定词移到后面去。在宾语的场合,就比这更为严格,简直认为说“He does not think to waste time wrong.”是错误的,原因是念起来太拗口了,他们一定要说:

He does not think it wrong to waste time.

句中的it就是代表不定词的,因为作宾语用的不定词是最受反对的。问题中所提出的例句,译得不通就是这个道理,应改译为:

I think it my duty to do so.

在“作为动词”中的think、find、show、prove等字,后面接的宾语,如果是不定词时,务必加一个it进去,说来就合乎惯用法了。再举一例如下:“我认为那个要实行很难。”不可译作“I found to put it in practice very difficult.”。应该用一个it来放在不定词的地位上,然后把那原来的不定词移到句子的后面去,即:

I found it very difficult to put it in practice.

有时候为加强语气也用得着这个代名词的it,例如说“A teacher’s duty is to teach.”,或“To teach is a teacher’s duty.(一个教师的义务就是教书。)”并不为错,但为着加强语气而改成了:

It is a teacher’s duty to teach.

如果追问“What is a teacher?(教师是干什么的?)”,那回答说:“A teacher is a person whose duty is to teach.(教师是一个有教书义务的人。)”。但如果要把上面含有加重语气的it的句子作为根据来回答时,便是:

A teacher is a person whose duty it is to teach.

通常这种含有关系代名词的复句,大都是用加重的说法,如:

He appeared to be a tough little man whose one object in life it was to avoid work.(他看来是一个粗暴矮小的人,他生在世上唯一的目的,就是避免做事情。)

Most large companies have trained specialists,called personnel managers,whose job it is to interview and pass judgment on prospective employees.(大多的大公司都训练有称为人事经理的专家,他们的工作就是接见和决定可能雇用的人员。)