冠词的语法功能

1. 不定冠词

◎用于单数可数名词前,指人或事物的某一类。这是不定冠词的基本用法。

Give me a book.

给我一本书。

They are waiting for a bus.

他们在等公共汽车。

◎在月份、星期及evening,night,morning,afternoon等名词前有定语修饰时,通常用a

A cold March is usual in the Northeast.

东北的3月总是很冷。

On a windy morning he came back.

在一个大风的早上他回来了。

◎用在作同位语、表语的单数可数名词前,泛指身份或职业。

My father, a teacher of English,works very hard.

我爸爸是英语教师,工作很努力。

His mother is a nurse.

他妈妈是护士。

◎表示“同一”的意思。

They were nearly of an age.

他们几乎同岁。

The two shirts are much of a size.

两件衬衫大小差不多。

◎泛指某人或某物,不具体说明是何人或何物。

A reporter wants to see you.

有位记者要见你。

Lend me a story-book,will you?

借本故事书给我看,好吗?

◎用在表示价格、速度、比率等的名词前表示“每一”。

four times a day 每天4次

sixty miles an hour 每小时60英里

ten dollars a kilo 每千克10美元

◎用在“such a...”“quite a...”“many a...”“rather a...”“so+形容词+a+单数可数名词”的结构中。

She is such a beauty.

她就是这么一个美人。

His lazy son is quite a bother to him.

他的懒儿子令他伤透脑筋。

◎第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词a或an起介绍作用。

One day,an old woman went into a shop with her grandson.

一天,一位老妇带着孙子进了一家商店。

She was puzzled by a poster.

她被一张海报搞糊涂了。

2. 定冠词

定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

◎特指双方都明白的人或物。

Take the medicine.

把药吃了。

◎指上文提到过的人或事。

He bought a house. I’ve been to the house.

他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

◎指世上独一无二的事物。

the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth

◎单数名词连用表示一类事物。

the dollar 美元,the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人,如the rich 富人;the living 生者。

◎用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面。

Where do you live? I live on the second floor.

你住在哪?我住在2层。

That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for.

那正是我要找的东西。

◎与复数名词连用,指整个群体。

They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师)

They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)

◎表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。

She caught me by the arm. 她抓住了我的手臂。

◎用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。

the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国

the United States 美国

◎用在表示乐器的名词之前。

She plays the piano.

她会弹钢琴。

◎用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。

the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇)

◎用在惯用语中。

in the day,in the morning(afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow,

the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky(water,field,country),

in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle(of),in the end,

on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre

学一学,练一练

在需要的地方填入the。如果不需要就用×表示。

1. Please pass me     butter.

2.   (B) butter is a dairy product.

3. John, where’s     milk? Is it in     refrigerator or on     table?

4.   (M) milk comes from cows and goats.

5. Tom usually has     wine with dinner.

6. Dinner’s ready. Shall I pour     wine?

7. I’m studying     English. I’m studying     grammar.

8.   (G) grammar in this chapter isn’t easy.

9.   (C) chemistry is my favorite subject.

10. Do you like     weather in this city?

11.   (C) copper is used in electrical wiring.

12.   (A) air is free.

13.   (A) air is humid today.

14.   (W) windows are closed. Please open them.

15.   (W) windows are made of     glass.

16. We usually have     meat for dinner.

17.   (M) meat we had for dinner last night was tough.

18. People used to use     candles for     light, but now they use     electricity.

参考答案

1. the   2. ×   3. the, the, the   4. ×

5. ×   6. the   7. ×, ×   8. The

9. ×   10. the   11. ×   12. ×

13. The   14. The   15. ×, ×   16. ×

17. The   18. ×, ×, ×

3. 不用冠词的场合

国名、人名前通常不用定冠词。

England

Mary

泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词。

They are teachers.

他们是教师。

抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。

Failure is the mother of success.

失败乃成功之母。

物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。

Man cannot live without water.

人离开水就无法生存。

在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。

We go to school from Monday to Friday.

我们从周一到周五都上课。

在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前不加冠词。

The guards took the American to General Lee.

士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词。

have breakfast

play chess

当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。

I can’t write without pen or pencil.

没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。

by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词。

by bus

by train

有些个体名词不用冠词。

school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。

go to hospital去医院看病

go to the hospital 去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

不用冠词的序数词。

a. 序数词前有物主代词。

b. 序数词作副词。He came first in the race.

c. 在固定词组中。at(the)first, first of all, from first to last

4. 用冠词和不用冠词的差异

在某些习惯用语中,用不用冠词,意义不同,有时甚至差别很大,使用时要特别注意。

学一学,练一练

用a或an完成句子。

1. Bob is eating     apple.

2. Tom is eating     banana.

3. Alice works in     office.

4. I have     idea.

5. I have     good idea.

6. Sue is talking to     man.

7. I need to see     doctor.

8. Cuba is     island.

9. Mary is reading     article in the newspaper.

10. Bill is     uncle. He has     niece and two nephews.

11.     hour has sixty minutes.

12.     horse has hooves.

13. Carol is     nurse.

14. I live in     apartment building.

15. Jake has     honest face.

16. Miss Anderson has     job.

17.     university is     educational institution.

18. Does Mark own     horse?

19. A fly is     insect.

20. I had     interesting experience.

21. My father has     office downtown. It’s     insurance office.

22. Are you     responsible person?

23.     angry woman is complaining to the store’s manager.

24.     healthy person gets regular exercise.

25. Janet is     honorable person.

参考答案

1. an   2. a   3. an   4. an

5. a   6. a   7. a   8. an

9. an   10. an, a   11. An   12. A

13. a   14. an   15. an   16. a

17. A, an   18. a   19. an   20. an

21. an, an   22. a   23. An   24. A

25. an