第一篇 基础篇

第一章 孤立性肺结节的流行病学

孤立性肺结节(solitary pulmonary nodule,SPN)是指单一、边界清楚、影像不透明、直径小于或等于3cm、周围为含气肺组织所包绕的肺部结节病变,无肺不张、肺门增大或胸腔积液的表现。孤立性肺结节多数是无意间发现,在胸部X线片检查中出现的概率0.09%~0.20%。随着多层螺旋CT和低剂量CT扫描在肺癌筛查中的广泛应用,孤立性肺结节的检出率明显增高,为8%~51%。结节直径小于1cm的孤立性肺结节被发现的越来越多,其中癌性结节仅为1.1%~12.0%,特别是对于结节直径小于8mm的孤立性肺结节,利用目前的诊断手段进行良恶性鉴别具有一定的难度。目前将结节直径大于8mm、小于或等于3cm的孤立性肺结节称为典型孤立性肺结节,而将小于或等于8mm的孤立性肺结节称为小结节。良性的孤立性肺结节主要是肉芽肿性病变和错构瘤,其中非特异性肉芽肿病变约占15%~25%,感染性肉芽肿病变和错构瘤各占15%,其中感染性肉芽肿病变主要是结核性肉芽肿、隐球菌感染、球孢子菌病等。在恶性的孤立性肺结节中,约47%病理类型为腺癌,22%为鳞癌,8%为转移瘤,2%为小细胞癌。在一般情况下,对于年龄越大、吸烟史越长的患者其孤立性肺结节是恶性的可能性就越大。吸烟是肺癌的危险因素,年龄超过40岁者患肺癌的风险明显增加。男性孤立性肺结节患者,吸烟者的结节恶性风险是非吸烟者的10倍,重度吸烟者可高达15~35倍。对于孤立性肺结节患者,有其他部位的恶性肿瘤病史也是肺部恶性结节的危险因素。有其他部位恶性肿瘤病史的患者,其孤立性结节为原发性肺癌的概率高于无其他部位恶性肿瘤病史者;而对于有肺癌病史的患者,其孤立性结节为转移瘤的可能性更大。Mery等报道1104例孤立性肺结节病例,术后病理检查提示32%为良性结节,58%为非小细胞肺癌,10%为转移瘤;无恶性肿瘤病史患者的孤立性肺结节恶性病变概率为63%,有肺癌病史患者的孤立性肺结节恶性概率为82%,其中非小细胞肺癌占80%、转移瘤占2%;有其他恶性肿瘤病史患者的孤立性肺结节恶性概率为79%,其中非小细胞肺癌占41%、转移瘤占38%。孤立性肺结节越大,其恶性病变的风险越高。有文献研究提示孤立性肺结节的大小与恶性病变概率的关系,结节直径小于5mm、5~10mm和大于2cm的恶性概率分别为小于1%、6%~28%和64%~82%。当结节直径大于8mm时,孤立性肺结节为恶性病变的概率明显增高,美国胸科医师协会(American Collegeof Chest Physicians,ACCP)同样认为当结节大于8mm时,应警惕恶性病变的可能。结节生长速度以结节体积倍增时间来计算,即圆形结节直径增加30%的时间评估。恶性结节倍增时间约为1~18个月,倍增时间小于1个月的结节往往提示感染性病变、梗死、淋巴瘤或快速生长的转移瘤;倍增时间超过18个月往往提示良性病变。对于倍增时间小于1个月的患者,尚需定期随访以完全排除恶性病变的可能。多数恶性结节位于肺上叶,右肺上叶较多见,大约三分之二的转移瘤位于肺下叶,约60%的孤立性肺结节位于肺的周围区域。Ahn等的研究提示,靠近肺裂的非钙化性肺结节的恶性概率较低。胸膜下结节,特别是位于肺中叶或肺下叶的结节,需要警惕肺内淋巴结的可能。因此,在某些情况下仅仅依靠影像学检查是无法准确判定结节的良恶性,而需要行胸腔镜活检以确诊。
恶性结节常表现为边界不规则或有毛刺、分叶状或伴有胸膜凹陷,良性结节边界较光滑。但约有三分之一的恶性结节或肺转移瘤的边界也较光滑,某些感染性病灶周围轮廓也会呈现为放射状和毛刺状改变。当较大结节伴有空洞时,空洞壁厚度可以协助判断结节良恶性。良恶性结节均可以有空洞样表现,通常恶性结节多于良性结节,恶性空洞多为厚壁空洞,并且常伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大、肺内卫星灶等。鳞癌较多出现空洞,约占80%,其次为腺癌和大细胞癌,而小细胞癌极少出现空洞性表现。Woodring等报道当空洞壁厚度小于1mm时,全部结节均为良性;空洞壁厚度5~15mm时,约有51%的结节为良性、49%的结节为恶性;空洞壁厚度大于15mm时,约有95%的结节为恶性。另外,结节内钙化和脂肪样改变大多也提示良性病变的可能,但是恶性肿瘤坏死伴钙化或液化的现象也偶有发生。

(李星 仲宁)

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