中国人民大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题

英美文学部分

Ⅰ.Fill in the following blanks.（22 points）

1._____by Ezra Pound，employs the complex association of scholarly lore，anthropology，modern history and personages，private history and witticism，and obscure literary interpolations in various languages.

2.Virginia Woolf’s novel_____，published in 1925，made her reputation as an important psychological writer.

3._____satirizes bourgeois businessmen whose ill-gotten money is squeezed out of poor，suffering people.The main characters in the play include Trench and Blanche.

4.The American writers of the 1950s often used the psychological insights taken from the writing of the Austrian psychiatrist_____and his followers.

5.Lawrence’s novel_____was positively taken as a typical example of Oedipus Complex in fiction.

6.Early in the 1920s，the most prominent of the new American playwrights，whose name is_____，established an international reputation.

7.Eliot’s_____is a morality play in verse dealing with the assassination of Archbishop Thomas Becket by knights of HenryⅡ.

8._____wrote about the disintegration of the old social system in the American Southern States and its effect on the lives of modern people，both black and white.

9._____was successful in two fields of activity which did not seem compatible with one another：he was a very successful businessman and a very remarkable contemporary poet at the same time.

10.Set in Spain during the Civil War，the novel_____stated again Hemingway’s view of love found and lost，and described the indomitable spirit of the common people.

11.English_____of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.

12.The Victorian Age in English literature was largely an age of prose，especially of the_____.

13.Mr.Peggotty and Steerforth are two characters in Dickens’s novel_____.

14._____，a lyrical drama，is Shelly’s masterpiece.The story was taken from Greek mythology.

15.Among Hardy’s novels，the best-known are_____and Jude the Obscure.

16.The American novelist_____probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters，writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.

17.The name of the heroine in The Portrait of a Lady is_____.

18.The best work that Mark Twain ever produced is_____，which was a success from its first publication in 1884，and has always been regarded as one of the great books of Western literature and Western civilization.

19.Dreiser’s novel_____，a commercial and critical failure when first published in 1900，was reissued in 1907 and won high praise for its grim，naturalistic portrayal of American society.

20._____is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.

21.The way in which_____wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.

22.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems，one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage，the other is_____.

Ⅱ.Define，in complete sentences，the following terms and phrases.（18 points）

1.heroic couplet

2.villanelle

3.the Muses

4.tercet

5.Renaissance literature

6.“Trilogy of Desire”

Ⅲ.Give a brief answer to each of the questions below.（40 points）

1.How many books does Paradise Lost consist of？Who are the four main characters in the epic，and what are the respective relations between them？

2.List four of the main points made by Wordsworth in the preface to Lyrical Ballads.

3.Why does Oscar Wilde put forward the doctrine“art for art’s sake”？

4.Give some different explanations of the symbolic meaning of“A”in The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne.

5.Mention some aspects in which Gatsby’s behavior appears to be“great，”and explain why Scott Fitzgerald says Gatsby is great.

Ⅳ.Answer the following questions according to your understanding of English and American literary history and criticism.（40 points）

1.As a pioneering novelist of England，Daniel Defoe is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.Does he deserve that honor？What is the title of his great work？When was the book published，and what real experiences is it based upon？What is the significance of the novel？What are some of the author’s biases revealed in the novel if we examine it from a modern critic’s point of view？

2.What is the subject of T.S.Eliot’s masterpiece The Waste Land？What is the significance of the poem？Point out some of the features and innovations that you particularly appreciate in it.Who was T.S.Eliot probably influenced by in creating the poem？

Ⅴ.Identify each of the following passages by giving the title of the work and the full name of the author，and explain the implications of the underlined parts of the passage.（30 points）

1.But most thro’midnight streets I hear

How the youthful Harlot’s curse

Blasts the new born infant’s tear，

And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse.

2.Snake：They were，madam；and，as I copied them myself in a feigned hand，there can be no suspicion whence they came.

Lady Sneer：Did you circulate the report of Lady Britle’s intrigue with Captain Boastall？

Snake：That’s in as fine a train as your ladyship could wish.In the common course of things，I think it must reach Mrs.Clackitt’s ears within four-and-twenty hours；and then，you know，the business is as good as done.

3.It is in the nature of a Forsyte to be ignorant that he is a Forsyte；but young Jolyon was well aware of being one.He had not known it till after the decisive step which had made him an outcast；since then the knowledge had been with him continually.He felt it throughout his alliance，throughout all his dealings，with his second wife，who was emphatically not a Forsyte.

4.Boys have generally excellent appetites.He and his companions suffered the tortures of slow starvation for three months：at last they got so voracious and wild with hunger，that one boy，who was tall for his age，and hadn’t been used to that sort of thing（for his father had kept a small cook-shop），hinted darkly to his companions，that unless he had another basin of gruel per diem，he was afraid he might some night happen to eat the boy who slept next him，who happened to be a weakly youth of tender age.

5.Isabel always felt an impulse to pull out the pins；not that she imagined they inflicted any damage on the tough old parchment，but because it seemed to her her aunt might make better use of her sharpness.She was very critical herself—it was incidental to her sex，and her nationality；but she was very sentimental as well，and there was something in Mrs.Touchett’s dryness that set her own moral fountains flowing.

6.It was the private property of three confederate white seamen of that ship，one of whom，it seems，communicated it to Tashtego with Romish injunctions of secrecy，but the following night Tashtego rambled in his sleep，and revealed so much of it in that way，that when he was wakened he could not well withhold the rest.Nevertheless，so potent an influence did this thing have on those seamen in the Pequod who came to the full knowledge of it，and by such a strange delicacy，to call it so，were they governed in this matter，that they kept the secret among themselves so that it never transpired abaft the Pequod’s mainmast.

参考答案与解析

Ⅰ.Fill in the following blanks.（22 points）

1.【答案】The Cantos

【注解】艾兹拉·庞德（Ezra Pound）的《诗章》（The Cantos）采用各种复杂的联想，包括学究的训导、人类学、现代历史和个人历史、戏谑和包括汉语表意文字在内的各种语言间晦涩的文学性插入，评论者为此进行了大量批注。

2.【答案】Mrs.Dalloway

【注解】维吉尼亚·沃尔夫（Virginia Woolf）的《达洛威夫人》（Mrs.Dalloway）确立了其在英国文学史中的地位。

3.【答案】Widower’s Houses written by George Bernard Shaw

【注解】乔治·萧伯纳（George Bernard Shaw）的第一部剧作是揭露和批判资产阶级如何靠经营贫民窟房产重利盘剥的《鳏夫的房产》（Widower’s Houses）。

4.【答案】Sigmund Freud

【注解】美国20世纪50年代的作家写作采用了弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）及其追随者作品中的心理分析法。弗洛伊德的精神分析理论对美国作家的影响可以从美国作家舍伍德·安德森（Sherwood Anderson）的作品《小镇畸人》（Winesburg Ohio）中感受到。后者是美国文学史上第一位使用弗洛伊德的精神分析理论来分析作品中人物内心世界的作家。

5.【答案】Sons and Lovers

【注解】D.H.劳伦斯（D.H.Lawrence）的小说《儿子和情人》（Sons and Lovers）是表现俄狄浦斯情节的代表作品。

【拓展】Oedipus Complex is a term coined by Sigmund Freud to designate a son’s subconscious feeling of love toward his mother and jealousy and hatred of his father.D.H.Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers is a case in point.

6.【答案】Eugene O’Neill

【注解】尤金·奥尼尔（Eugene O’Neill）是20世纪20年代美国最伟大的剧作家。

【拓展】Eugene O’Neill is regarded as America’s greatest playwright and he is the only dramatist in American literary history so far to win a Nobel Prize in 1936 for“the power，honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works，which embody an original concept of tragedy.”

7.【答案】Murder in the Cathedral

【注解】《大教堂谋杀案》（Murder in the Cathedral）是T.S.艾略特（T.S.Eliot）第一部也是最优秀的一部诗剧，讲述的是12世纪坎特伯雷大主教托马斯·贝克特遭暗杀一事。

8.【答案】William Faulkner

【注解】美国南方作家威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）以描写南方的衰退及其对人们的影响见长。

9.【答案】Wallace Stevens

【注解】华莱士·史蒂文斯（Wallace Stevens）是一个成功的商人，也是一位著名的诗人。

【拓展】Wallace Stevens’poetry aims at bridging the gap between imagination and reality，exploring the relationship of chaos and order and the reconciliation of reality and imagination.

10.【答案】For Whom the Bell Tolls

【注解】《丧钟为谁而鸣》（For Whom the Bell Tolls）是一部以西班牙内战为背景的小说，全书篇幅较大，但情节却只发生在三天之内。小说再一次阐明了海明威对于爱情的得失观并描绘了普通民众不屈不挠的精神。

11.【答案】Critical Realism

【注解】英国的批判现实主义盛行于19世纪40年代至50年代初。

【拓展】Critical Realism refers to the tendency of writers and intellectuals to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.

12.【答案】novel

【注解】英国维多利亚时期，文学中以小说的成就最高。

13.【答案】David Copperfield

【注解】Mr.Peggotty和Steerforth是小说《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）中的人物。

14.【答案】Prometheus Unbound

【注解】《解放了的普罗米修斯》（Prometheus Unbound）是波西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）的代表作品，故事源于希腊神话。

【拓展】Prometheus Unbound is Shelley’s greatest poetic drama which celebrates man’s victory over tyranny and oppression.

15.【答案】Tess of the D’Urbervilles

【注解】《德伯家的苔丝》（Tess of the D’Urbervilles）和《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure）是托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）的代表作品。

16.【答案】Sherwood Anderson

【注解】舍伍德·安德森（Sherwood Anderson）擅长刻画人物心理。

17.【答案】Isabel

【注解】《贵妇人画像》（The Portrait of a Lady）是亨利·詹姆斯（Henry James）的作品，其中女主人公的名字是伊莎贝尔（Isabel）。

【拓展】The Portrait of a Lady treats the conflict between the Old World and the New World in the life journey of an American girl in the European cultural environment.

18.【答案】The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

【注解】马克·吐温（Mark Twain）的《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》（The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn）被誉为是美国文学史乃至西方文学史中最重要的作品之一。

19.【答案】Sister Carrie

【注解】西奥多·德莱塞（Theodore Dreiser）的作品《嘉莉妹妹》（Sister Carrie）在1900年出版时并不被评论家看好，1907年这本书再次出版，迅速获得成功，被看做是作家的代表作品之一。

【拓展】The sentence“only the fittest can survive in a competitive，amoral society”may be regarded as an appropriate summary of Sister Carrie.

20.【答案】Martin Eden

【注解】《马丁·伊登》（Martin Eden）是杰克·伦敦（Jack London）的自传性作品。

【拓展】The way Martin Eden ends his life shows the disillusionment of the American Dream.

21.【答案】Nathaniel Hawthorne

【注解】纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）的《红字》（The Scarlet Letter）是美国浪漫主义与美国清教主义思想完美结合的产物。

22.【答案】Don Juan

【注解】乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）主要以其长诗《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》（Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage）以及《唐璜》（Don Juan）著称于世。

【拓展】One of George Gordon Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the“Byronic hero”，a proud，mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.

Ⅱ.Define，in complete sentences，the following terms and phrases.（18 points）

1.heroic couplet

The heroic couplet refers to a traditional form of poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.

2.villanelle

A villanelle is a French form which consists of 19 lines in five tercets（三行押韵诗节）followed by a quatrain（四行诗节）with the rhyme scheme aba aba aba aba aba abaa.Dylan Thomas’“Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night”is a case in point.

3.the Muses

According to Greek mythology，the Muses refer to the nine goddesses who are respectively responsible for a division of the arts and science.It is a traditional fashion for poets to invoke one or more of these muses for inspiration.For example，John Milton invokes Urania（主管天文的女神）in creating his epic Paradise Lost.

4.tercet

A tercet refers to a poem consisting of three-line stanzas.Shelley’s“Ode to the West Wind”is a case in point.

5.Renaissance literature

The word“Renaissance”means“rebirth.”It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Renaissance literature highlights the dignity and value of man and present life.The Elizabethan drama is typical of Renaissance literature and William Shakespeare’s plays embody the spirit of Renaissance literature in almost every way.

6.“Trilogy of Desire”

It refers to Theodore Dreiser’s three novels：The Financier，The Titan and The Stoic.The trilogy is based on the life of Charles T.Yerkes，an American transportation magnate.In his trilogy Dreiser’s focus shifted from the pathos of the helpless protagonists at the bottom of the society to the power of the American financial tycoons in the late 19th century.

Ⅲ.Give a brief answer to each of the questions below.（40 points）

1.【解题点津】

本题考查弥尔顿的《失乐园》。它的故事原型选自《圣经》，共分为12部，共涉及四个主要人物——上帝、撒旦、亚当和夏娃，讲述了撒旦反抗上帝，亚当和夏娃被赶出伊甸园的故事。该题为简答题，考生将四个主要人物及其关系作简要介绍即可。

Keys for Reference

Paradise Lost consists of 12 books.The four main characters are God，Satan，Adam and Eve.The original story is taken from the Bible.It tells of the story of Adam and Eve’s disobedience and the loss of paradise because of Satan.In order to take revenge for his defeat by God，Satan tempts Adam and Eve，the first human beings created by God，to eat fruit from the“Tree of Knowledge”against God’s instructions.Because of their disobedience，Adam and Eve are driven out of Paradise with the hope for redemption.Adam and Eve are husband and wife.Satan is God’s opponent.In Heaven he and other angels rebel against God.

2.【解题点津】

本题要求列出华兹华斯在《抒情歌谣集》前言中提到的诗歌所应具备的四个要点：（1）诗歌的语言应该是人们日常用语，而不是文学用语。（2）诗歌的主题应是日常生活中的琐事和情景。（3）诗歌应以不同寻常的方法，将想象的色彩投射到普通的事件上，进而表达出相应的主题。

（4）诗人应通过一些小事件来探讨人性。

Keys for Reference

（1）Poetic language should be the language used in daily life.

（2）The theme of the poetry should reflect the incidents and situations selected from common life，usually“low and rustic life.”

（3）Regarding the treatment of the theme，ordinary things should be presented in an unusual way to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination.

（4）The poet’s mission is to explore human nature in the chosen incidents and situations.

3.【解题点津】

本题考查王尔德为何提出“为艺术而艺术”。此题可以从王尔德的唯美主义艺术观入手。王尔德生活在19世纪末的维多利亚时代，那个时期的文学宗旨是文学应该具有说教功能，即文学应该为宗教、道德、社会及政治服务。为了摆脱这种压抑的文学传统，王尔德等人提出了与当时艺术创作相悖的思想，即艺术应该超脱现实，游离人生，不是艺术反映生活，而是生活模仿艺术。现实社会是丑恶的，只有“美”才有永恒的价值。艺术不应为政治、经济、宗教和道德服务，而只是为了艺术本身而存在，因此作家应该更多地关注艺术形式，从而追求至高无上的精神之美、艺术之美。

Keys for Reference

Oscar Wilde lived in the late 19th century when the concept of Victorian literature prevailed：artistic creations should be didactic，that is to say，literature should serve some religious，social，political and moral purposes.In order to break such suffocating tradition，such writers as Oscar Wilde proposed some conflicting ideas concerning the purposes of artistic creations.He holds that art has nothing to do with religion，politics，economy and morality.He advocates that art does not reflect life but life imitates art and the function of art is to attract，to please and to provide enjoyment.Actually，this theory was first advocated by Walter Pater，but it was Wilde who elaborated it as“art for art’s sake.”In his opinion，art should not serve politics，economics or morals.Art exists for its own sake.Wilde considers that art exists independently of life and reality，and the sole purpose of artists is to pursue aesthetic beauty of art.

4.【解题点津】

本题考查霍桑的名篇《红字》中字母A的不同象征意义。字母A在故事开始时是女主人公海丝特通奸（adultery）之罪的象征，但随着故事情节的发展，字母A的象征意义开始发生变化，由原来的耻辱含义逐渐变成“能干”（able）、“受钦佩”（admiration）、“天使”（angel）和“艺术”（art）等含义了。

Keys for Reference

Hawthorne’s masterpiece The Scarlet Letter is the most convincing proof that he is a master of symbolism.In the novel，the most obvious symbol，the scarlet letter A takes on different layers of symbolic meaning as the plot develops.At the beginning of the novel，it is a token of shame，which means“Adultery，”then it has been transformed into“Able，”“Admiration，”and eventually it signifies“Angel”and“Art.”People may come up with different interpretations of the symbolic meaning of the letter A，but there is no definite standard to judge which one is right or which is wrong.The scarlet letter A is ambiguous and the ambiguity is one of the prominent characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.

5.【解题点津】

本题考查20世纪美国著名作家菲茨杰拉德的代表作《了不起的盖茨比》中盖茨比的“伟大”之处。作品描述了出身贫寒的盖茨比历尽艰辛、不择手段地攫取财富，最终从一个穷光蛋变成人们心中“了不起”的富豪，却仍苦苦追求初恋时由于贫穷而失去的情人的故事。它再现了美国20世纪爵士乐时代（Jazz Age）的社会，揭示了“美国梦”在战后的破灭。盖茨比的伟大之处正在于他对“美国梦”的不懈追求，以及他认为世界上最重要的是爱的浪漫主义思想。

Keys for Reference

As a literary mirror of the Jazz Age，The Great Gatsby evokes a haunting mood of a glamorous，wild time that seemingly will never come again.As the very embodiment of the Jazz Age，Gatsby’s struggle for his ideal love proves a process of pursuing the American Dream.Much as Gatsby’s“success”is largely based on illegal transactions，his“greatness”does convey the essence of pursuing one’s dream.Gatsby is，in a sense，great，because he is a person who dedicates himself single-mindedly to the pursuit of the American Dream，a romantic who regards love as the most important thing in life.He is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself.He is the last of the romantic heroes，whose energy and sense of commitment take him in search of his personal grail.Gatsby’s failure is paradoxical for it is in his failure that lies his greatness.

Ⅳ.Answer the following questions according to your understanding of English and American literary history and criticism.（40 points）

1.【解题点津】

本题考查对笛福小说《鲁滨孙漂流记》的理解。题目主要涉及以下几个问题：笛福被誉为现代小说的开拓者，他值得这个赞誉吗？他的代表作是什么？于何时出版？它是基于什么真实的经历写成的？它的社会意义是什么？如果从现代批评的角度来审视这部作品，作品反映了作者怎样的偏见？

考生注意答题时不要遗漏任何一个问题。笛福的代表作《鲁滨孙漂流记》发表于1719年，一经问世便引起广泛关注，获得了巨大的成功。笛福是以苏格兰水手亚历山大·赛尔科克在荒岛上独自生活四年的传奇故事为蓝本创作的。现代小说起源于18世纪，而此时笛福描绘了鲁滨孙这个新兴资产者形象。另外，笛福歌颂了人类的劳动和清教徒的坚毅，并描写了真实的生活。当时，作家们认为“作家的工作就是说出他的所见所闻，再现生活的本真”，而《鲁滨孙漂流记》正是基于一个真实的故事。因此，笛福无愧于现代小说开拓者的美誉。

如果我们从现代批评的角度审视这部作品的话，这个故事可以解读为对殖民扩张的艺术影射。从第一天和不够文明的“星期五”见面开始，鲁滨孙就一直把他当做自己的奴仆，尽管后来他们成了好朋友。从这个角度来说，小说暗示了作者对殖民主义和奴隶制的默认。

Keys for Reference

（1）Defoe’s masterpiece Robinson Crusoe became an immediate success shortly after it was published in 1719.The novel is based on the real adventures of a Scottish sailor，Alexander Selkirk，who had stayed alone on the desolate island for four years.The novel expresses a yearning for a more economic and basic life style.As we know，the modern English novel begins in the 18th century.It is in this very period that Defoe creates the character，Robinson Crusoe，who is a representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.In addition，Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude and the book depicts life realistically with an uncompromising courage.At that time，“the novelist’s job was to tell the truth about life as he saw it”，and Robinson Crusoe just exemplifies that idea.It is based on a real story.That’s why Defoe deserves the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.

（2）Examined from a modern critic’s point of view，the story can be interpreted as an artistic projection of colonial expansion.Crusoe conquers the island and the less civilized man Friday，who remains a servant since the first day they met，though they become good friends.The first word Crusoe teaches Friday is“master”.In this sense，Crusoe is an image of empire builder，and this image reveals Defoe’s recognition of the colonialism and slavery.Besides，Defoe’s bias against the conquered people is fully exposed as well.

2.【解题点津】

本题考查对艾略特的《荒原》的理解。所涉及问题如下：《荒原》的主题是什么？诗歌的意义是什么？列举一些这首诗所具有的特色和创新点。艾略特受谁的影响创作了这首诗？

《荒原》的主题是表现人类在有意义与无意义之间感知的失望与沮丧，揭示人类彼此间交流沟通的丧失，呈现出西方文化的贫乏，只有通过宗教救赎来寻求精神上的新生。艾略特认为作家创作作品应该超越个人的社会背景去反映不同年代的意识，为了达到这个目标，他综合使用了文学典故、神话和宗教象征。他认为神话是有效达到当前的和潜意识的经验更深层次水平的一种有效手段。他甚至大胆使用了意象叠加、时空交错等现代诗歌的表现手段。作为艾略特的代表作和影响最深远的作品，《荒原》被认为是现代英国诗歌的里程碑，是象征主义文学中最具代表性的作品，其影响堪与华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》比肩。此诗的艺术创作丰富了诗歌的表现手段，对现代主义的各个流派产生了巨大影响。艾略特的诗歌创作受到了意象派大师艾兹拉·庞德的影响。

Keys for Reference

（1）The subject of Eliot’s poetry is to show man’s disillusionment and frustration caught between his sense of meaning and his sense of meaninglessness，to reveal the breakdown of communication between human beings，to expose the sterility and futility of the Western culture，and to quest for a spiritual regeneration by finding salvation in religion.

（2）In order to produce striking effect，Eliot employs many devices，among which is the frequent use of allusions.In order to reach his belief that the writers’purpose is to write beyond their own social background and reflect the consciousness of all ages，he combined literary allusion，myth and religious symbolism.Eliot regards myth as an effective means of reaching beneath the level of present and conscious experience.In addition，he chooses the device of juxtaposition of images and time and space.

（3）As Eliot’s most important single poem and his masterpiece，The Waste Land has been regarded as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry and the most representative work in symbolist literature，the influence of which is comparable to Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads.The artistic creation of this poem enriches the devices of the poem and has great impact on the schools of modernism.

（4）Ezra Pound，the master of imagism，has exerted great influence on Eliot’s creation of this poem.

Ⅴ.Identify each of the following passages by giving the title of the work and the full name of the author，and explain the implications of the underlined parts of the passage.（30 points）

1.（1）The passage is from William Blake’s“London”.

（2）most thro’midnight streets：in midnight in the street

Blasts the new-born infant’s tear：the calamity is brought upon the tearful new-born baby

the marriage hearse：it is used here satirically to compare the wedding to a funeral

Implications：These imply the economic exploitation and miserable life of the women and children in the capitalist society.

2.（1）The passage is from Richard Bringsley Sheridan’s The School for Scandal.

（2）in a feigned hand：in a disguised handwriting.

Lady Britle’s intrigue with Captain Boastall：Lady Britle’s love affair or scandal with Captain Boastall

the business is as good as done：the business is the same as done，practically accomplished.

Implications：These imply that the 18th century England（London）is false，hypocritical and morally degenerated.In the play，the principals of the school，Snake and Lady Sneer，like collecting gossips about their neighbors and others in London society.

3.（1）The passage is from John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga.

（2）the nature of a Forste：instinct

an outcast：a person who is not accepted by other people and who sometimes has to leave their home and friends

throughout all his dealings，with his second wife：he felt that he was abandoned in his daily life and through his communication with the others，with his second wife.

Implications：These imply that Jolyon gives much emphasis on the identity of being a Forsyte.

4.（1）The passage is from Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist.

（2）voracious：wanting a large amount of eating

that sort of thing：the torture of boys

per diem：per day

Implications：These imply that the boys in the workhouse are ill-treated every day.

5.（1）The passage is from Henry James’The Portrait of a Lady.

（2）parchment：material made from the skin of a sheep or goat，used in the past for writing

it was incidental to her sex，and her nationality：it was vulnerable to her sex，and her American nationality

Implications：The word“parchment”implies“old-fashionedness.”The phrase“incidental to her sex，and her nationality”implies that Isabel，the young and rich woman is very sensitive and critical to herself.

6.（1）The passage is from Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick.

（2）Romish injunctions：the official order given by Romish church which demands that something must or must not be done.

came to the full knowledge of it：understanding something fully

never transpired abaft the Pequod’s mainmast：the secret was never revealed aboard the Pequod

Implications：These convey a sense of secret and mystery concerning the ship Pequod and Captain Ahab.