List 2

v. 1 诠释，阐明 2 插图

例 The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. 很自然，这种趋势在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域表现最为明显，并且可以以英国的地质学发展为例证来说明。

n. 1 例证 2 插图

例 Through illustration, graphic design and photography, this book shows how this culture has made its impact on our lives. 这本书通过插图、绘画设计和摄影展示了这种文化如何影响我们的生活。

n. 虚构文学；小说

例 The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. 当今技术的潜在发展及其所产生的社会影响非常复杂，或许最好的办法是让科幻小说家和未来学家去探索我们能想象到的种种可能。

adj. 城市的

例 Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes （travels to and from work） and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. 日本的城市居民长期忍受着漫长的上下班路程和拥挤的居住条件，但是随着旧的集体和家庭观念的减弱，这种不适感开始显现。

n. 城市化

例 Industrialisation and urbanisation are driving demand for aluminium for uses including construction, packaging, cars and aircraft. 工业化和城市化正推动建筑、包装、汽车和飞机制造等领域对铝的需求。

adv. 有点；在某种程度上

例 This phenomenon also somewhat reflects the difference between Chinese and Westerners in terms of overall diet culture. 这种现象也在某种程度上反映出中国人和西方人饮食文化的不同。

n. 靶子；目标 v. 把…作为目标；瞄准

例 The theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50%of its original levels. 从理论上看，当一个目标物种的生物量大约达到原始水平的50%时，渔场才能实现其最大化的可持续产量。

v. 1 经受，忍受 2 持续存在

例1 "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." 教育家室洋子说：“在日本，问题绝对不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而是你能承受多大的负荷。”

例2 The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? 化石记录表明，许多物种已经存活了数百万年之久，那么人类为何不可呢？

v. 1 航行；驾驶 2 导航 3 应付

例 Vessels and floating facilities that shall be scrapped in accordance with the provisions of the State shall not navigate or operate. 按照国家规定，应当报废的船舶和浮动设施不得继续航行或者作业。

adj. 1 生的 2 未经处理的，原始的

例 This germ is transmitted to humans primarily through raw or undercooked ground meat products and raw milk. 这种细菌主要通过生的或未煮熟的碎肉制品和生牛奶传染给人类。

v. 1 调节 2 控制

例 Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". 目前，研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分，当大脑处于“离线”状态时，梦可以调整情绪。

n. 1 规定 2 管理

例 While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的——比如关于药物相互作用的风险的警示语——并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当有消费者受伤，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免责，这还很难说。

v. 1 寻找 2 请求 3 试图（~to）

例 The agency now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. 该机构现在正试图终止生物医学研究，因为理论认为动物有权利禁止自己被用于实验。

n. 1 力量 2 长处 3 实力

例 It is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工、农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又依赖于各类科技人员的努力。

v. 加强；（使）变强

例 Any experience can teach and strengthen you, but particularly the more difficult ones. 任何经历都能使你从中受益并让你变得坚强，而那些比较艰难的经历尤其如此。

n. 领域，区域，范围

例 Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. 随着学者们将已逝社会的多样性一一剖开，全新的理解领域——从性别到种族再到文化研究——都向世人敞开了。

n. 混凝土 adj. 具体的，实在的

例 The anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中的“集合”概念一样，是一个使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能的抽象概念。

adj. 1 后者的 2 末期的，后期的

例 The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS （U.S. Postal Service） and its union. 后一项措施将在很大程度上抵消每年预付退休人员医疗保健费用的财政负担，从而解决美国邮政总局及其工会长期抱怨的问题。

adj. 奢侈的 n. 奢侈品

例 Living in a fast-paced world, a week by the sea is a luxury they can no longer afford. 生活在一个快节奏的世界中，到海边度假一周成了他们再也消费不起的奢侈。

adj. 肤浅的，浅薄的

例 If he's only interested in your looks, that shows how shallow he is. 如果他只是对你的外貌感兴趣，那说明他是多么肤浅。

n. 1 物体 2 对象 3 目的

v. 反对（~to）

例1 Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT （"do not track"） signal and press on anyway. 由于无法分辨人们是真的反对行为广告，还是只是没有改动微软的默认设置，有些公司可能会忽视“禁止追踪”信号，而一如既往地追踪用户信息。

例2 It's not obvious how the capacity to visualise objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 一个人具备物体空间想象力和计算数字模式的能力，不见得就能够回答连一些最优秀的诗人和哲学家都无法理解的问题。

n. 旱灾

例 Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. 也许正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的折磨，才使得治理江河的愿望如此令人兴奋不已。

n. 原则；行为准则

例 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however far-fetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 当艺术领域的一个新运动带有某种时尚元素时，最好弄清楚这场运动的倡导者的真正意图，因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，若干年后，人们都可能会认为它们是正常的。

n. 意见；概念；想法

例 The notion （"shifting baseline"） is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. 这个概念（“动态基线”）就是说人们没有观察到海洋中发生的巨大变化，因为他们只是回顾了过去相对较短的一段时间。

v. 1 鼓舞，激励 2 激起

例 The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. 最初，探索地平线之外的世界的好奇心驱使着波利尼西亚人来到夏威夷海岸，如今同样的好奇心也在驱使着天文学家去探索天空。

n. 1 灵感；启发灵感的人或事物 2 鼓舞

例 This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. 这可能不过是一股转瞬即逝的文学热潮，却也为我们指明了当下该如何研究历史的一个更广泛的真理，即更少地专注于向先人学习，将更多的兴趣放在感受他们的痛苦上。如今，我们需要的是感同身受，而不是激励。

n. 大字标题；头条新闻

例 Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. 就在老板和董事会终于解决了最糟糕的财务和规章问题并改善了企业的薄弱管理之后，又有一个新的问题正在威胁着他们，这个问题就是数据不安全。尤其是在美国，这会让他们出现在负面头版头条新闻中，企业管理层中难免有人会受到严惩。

n. 混合

例 It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 讨论大众传媒在欧洲史上这个极其重要的阶段所起的作用不是一件容易的事。历史和新闻混为一谈，大家的印象总是既怀疑又乐观。

n. 闲暇，空闲

例 With the help of modern technologies, many housewives have more leisure time to pursue their personal interests. 有了现代技术的帮助，许多家庭主妇有了更多的闲暇时间追求自己的兴趣。

n. 建筑学；建筑风格

例 Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy. 人类的独特之处就在于，他们不仅有能力制造工具，而且会反过来利用这些工具创造富余的物质产品（如绘画、雕塑和建筑）和精神体验（如音乐、文学、宗教和哲学）。

v. 1 释放 2 公开发表 3 发行

例 Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science （NAS） released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. 就在法院对医生协助自杀做出判决的三周前，国家科学院（NAS）发表了一份长达两卷的报告《临近死亡：改善临终关怀的质量》。

adj. 1 自动的 2 无意识的，不假思索的

例 Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviours—habits—among consumers. 在过去的十年里，多家公司已经完善了引导消费者无意识行为（即习惯）的艺术。

n. 秘书

例 If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganised methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganised bosses. 如果你在和一群经理谈话，你可能会指责他们秘书的工作方法紊乱；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你可能会想评论他们老板的工作方法紊乱。

n. 灾难，不幸

例 The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. 英国的福利原则不再确保你能够抵御失业的风险，以及你能在灾难发生时得到无条件资助。

v. 模仿

例 An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: We unconsciously imitate the behaviour we see every day. 一项新兴的研究表明，积极的和消极的健康习惯都会通过社会交往在朋友圈传播。这是同辈压力的一种微妙的形式，即我们会无意识地模仿我们每天看到的行为。

v. 抗拒，抵抗，抵制

例 When we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world colourful and vigorous. 在面对不同文化时，我们应该理智地取其精华，去其糟粕。只有这样，我们才能积极推进文化发展，并使我们的世界多姿多彩、充满活力。

adj. 抵抗的；抗拒的

例 Meanwhile, new products are being developed, because most mosquitoes have grown resistant to the original insecticides. 与此同时，新产品正在开发，因为大多数蚊子对原有的杀虫剂产生了抗药性。

n. 抵抗（力）；抵制；阻力

例 The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. 每一位考虑申请攻读博士学位的学生都应该读一读这本构思巧妙、充满智慧的小册子——《思想市场：美国大学的改革和阻力》。

n./v. 远航，远行

例 During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. 在长达6到12周的航行中，他们依靠配给的微薄的食物勉强度日。

adj. 以前的

例 Now Daria is writing a novel which is not a mystery and is a considerable departure from her previous work. 达丽娅现在正在创作的一部非推理小说与她以前的作品大相径庭。

v. 保护 n. 保护区

例 We must encourage the planting of new trees and preserve our existing woodlands. 我们必须鼓励栽种新树木，同时也要保护现有的林地。

n. 1 纪律 2 训练 3 学科 v. 1 训导 2 惩罚

例1 Professor Smith's concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22%of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2%in history and 4%in English. 史密斯教授所关注的主要是人文学科，如文学、语言、哲学等。这些学科正在走向没落：如今22%的美国大学毕业生主修商科，相比之下，只有2%主修历史，4%主修英语。

例2 When young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—and in their choices on when to share on social media. 当年轻人批评一位过度使用推特的总统时，他们在思考技巧以及选择何时在社交媒体上进行分享方面表现出一种精神上的自律。

v. 1 延伸 2 扩大 3 延期

例 We will continue to look for opportunities to extend our reach through new routes and creative global alliances. 我们将继续寻找机会，通过进入新的航线或构建全球联盟，来扩大我们的业务范围。

v. 变更；修改

例 Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. 即便是在社交媒体普及之后，金字塔形的创作模式仍然存在，即少数人会上传资料，相对较多的人会评论或更改那些内容，而大部分人仍然满足于只消费（即只下载那些内容）。

n. 修改

例 Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. 让人习以为常的是，新发表的看似重要且让人信服的发现声明和可靠发现总是会受到质疑，并且会被未来的研究人员修正或反驳。

n. 1 程度 2 范围 3 长度

例 Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. 莱文不愿对上周的辩论做出评论，但有迹象表明这位董事长的强硬立场起码在一定程度上有所缓和。

n. 逻辑（学）

例 Apart from criminal investigation techniques, the students must learn forensic medicine, philosophy and logic. 除了刑事调查技术外，学生们还必须学习法医学、哲学和逻辑学。

adj. （合乎）逻辑的

例 As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. 这一发展的合乎逻辑的结果是出现了主要针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。

n. 费用；开支；代价

例 Some students can afford the tuition fees of postgraduate studies or studying overseas, while for others the expense would be too heavy a financial strain. 有些学生能够负担考研或出国的学费，而对有些人来说该费用却是一个沉重的经济负担。

adj. 艰难的；强韧的；不屈不挠的

例 The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade. 这些资深的医生对如此激进的行动表示支持，尤其是支持呼吁采用过去十年里反对吸烟所采取的强硬手段，这将会使食品行业大为惊慌。

n. 1 品质；性格 2 特点 3 人物

例1 Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文确信，没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能会有损于一个人的思维能力，更可能导致一个人道德品质的下降。

例2 Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 更确切地说，我们对美国公民有某种认知，即公民如果不能很恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到身外之物的影响的，那么其公民特征就是不完整的。

v. 描绘…的特性；具有…的特征

例 Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterised the scientific enterprise. 从亚里士多德时期开始，探求普遍法则已经成为科学研究的典型特征。

n. 1 种类 2 多样化

例 As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. 作为一名语言学家，他认为所有种类的人类语言都具有极强的表达力——世界上所有语言或方言都可以表达复杂的思想。

n. 基础

例 This conceptual data model is the basis for both current and future phases of data warehouse development. 这个概念数据模型是当前和将来数据库开发阶段的基础。

n. 1 联合 2 工会 3 联盟

例 When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. 1960年，霍法领导的卡车司机联盟处于鼎盛时期，只有10%的美国政府工作者加入了工会，而现在这个比例达到了36%。

n. 工会主义；联合主义

例 Britain's Labour Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. 英国工党，顾名思义，长期以来一直与工会主义有联系。

n. 鬼魂

例 Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. 萨根更关注那些相信鬼魂、神创论以及其他与科学世界观相矛盾的现象的人。

n. 手艺；工艺 v. 精心制作

例 This is a design, production, sales and service as one of the craft production enterprises, and it is trying to apply modern techniques to various traditional crafts. 这是一家集设计、生产、销售和服务于一体的工艺品生产企业，它正试图将现代技术应用于各种传统工艺品。

n. 例外

例 No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: Exceptions can be found to any rule. 在科学领域，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分，任何规律都有其例外。

adj. 1 不同寻常的 2 杰出的

例 In the course of conducting research of entrepreneurs across the globe, my co-authors and I found that most exceptional leaders tend to balance their convictions with a healthy dose of humility. 在对全球企业家进行调查的过程中，我和我的合作作者发现，真正杰出的领袖往往能在舍我其谁的自信中搭配恰如其分的谦逊。

v. 1 起源；发源 2 创造

例 The British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. 英国人类学家格拉夫顿·艾略特·史密斯和W.J.佩里在未掌握充分资料的情况下提出这样一种谬论：种植业、陶瓷制造业和冶金术都起源于古埃及，然后传播到全世界。

n./v. 援助

例 Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. 玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助后，作为回报，他承诺在他所解放的地区废除奴隶制。

n. 财产；不动产

例 In his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved. 在他看来，文化的各个方面——比如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属关系类别、财产所有权、政府组织形式、科技以及食品生产系统——都随着社会的进化而改变了。

n. 1 （动植物的）组织 2 纸巾

例 Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. 身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了，长高需要热量和营养物质——特别是蛋白质——以供应身体组织的扩展。

n. 1 演奏；演出 2 执行；实行 3 性能 4 表现

例 For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theatre companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. 为了争取艺术爱好者的时间、精力和金钱，古典乐器演奏家们不但要和歌剧院、舞蹈团、戏剧公司和博物馆竞争，还要和收录了20世纪伟大的古典音乐家演奏的唱片竞争。

n. 表演者；演奏者

例 A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become an outstanding performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. 一名学音乐的学生要想成为一名优秀的演奏者，和一名医科学生要成为一名医生一样，都需要接受长期的、艰苦的训练。

n. 创伤；伤口 v. 伤害，使受伤

例 This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, Elisabeth thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. 伊丽莎白认为，同样的道德目标的缺失正在伤害像新闻国际这样的公司，使其更有可能像过去一样因大范围非法电话窃听而迷失方向。

adj. 复合的；复杂的 n. 复合体

例 The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. 19世纪专业化的发展导致要求的培训时间更长、内容更复杂，意味着业余人员进入科学界会遇到更大的困难。

n. 复杂性；错综复杂

例 More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labour productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work. 最近，研究人员在进行住房建设检查时发现，尽管建筑行业的工作复杂，但是在得克萨斯州的休斯敦，未受过教育的、不会说英语的墨西哥工人总是能够达到劳动生产率的最佳标准。

adj. 不相关的；不受影响的；独立的

例 Finally, the two independent medical research bodies reached the same conclusions about the mechanism of drug addiction. 最后，两个彼此不相关的医学研究机构对药物成瘾的机理得出了相同的结论。

n. 劳动力

例 For a country to remain competitive, they need a highly-skilled, highly-educated workforce. 一个国家要保持竞争力，就需要具备高技术、高素质的劳动力。

adj. 邪恶的；令人厌恶的 n. 邪恶；坏事

例 Somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, boring, as we went from Wordsworth's Daffodils to Baudelaire's Flowers of Evil. 从19世纪的某个时期开始，越来越多的艺术家开始把快乐看成是无意义的、虚伪的，或者是无聊的，从华兹华斯笔下的《咏水仙》到波德莱尔笔下的《恶之花》就可以看出这种变化。

n. 曲调，调子 v. 1 调频道 2 为（乐器）调音

例 Some people like slow sentimental tune, while some others like strong beat. 有些人喜欢慢节奏的伤感曲调，而另一些人却喜欢节奏强的鼓点。

conj. 凭此；借以

例 The definition of intellectual also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 知识分子的定义也不包括大部分教师，尽管教学在传统上一直是许多知识分子谋生的手段。

adj. 1 谦逊的 2 低下的 v. 使…感到自惭；使谦卑

例 As a nation, they may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humble therapies that could improve people's lives. 他们国家可能在寻求可能无效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在能够改善人们生活质量的普通治疗方法的研究上花钱又太少。

v. 1 继承 2 经遗传获得

例 Most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. 大多数血统检测只考虑单一的血统，要么只考虑来自父亲的男性遗传Y染色体，要么只考虑遗传自母亲的线粒体DNA。

n./v. 接触；联系

例 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with the young the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 虽然在与年轻人的接触中，我们容易忽视我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成年人打交道时更容易忽视这种影响。

adj. 最高的，最大的n. 最大（值）

例 Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. 基因的最大值可以改变，但是不要期望改变会很快发生。

v. 1 认出，识别 2 确认 3 与…等同（~with）

例 I couldn't run the program because it contained a computer bug I could neither identify nor cure. 我无法使用这个程序，因为它有一个我既不能识别又不能解决的程序错误。

n. 1 身份 2 一致性；同一性

例 The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential linked to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services. 该系统可能会使用连接到特定计算机上的智能身份证或数字证书，从而在一系列在线服务中验证用户的真实身份。

n. 候选人；应试者

例 For years, executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. 多年来，经理人和猎头们一贯坚持的原则是：最具吸引力的CEO 候选人一定是挖来的。

adj. 王室的；皇家的n. 王室成员

例 Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front." 皇家精神科医师学院院长迪内希·布格拉教授说：“如果告诉孩子们食物对他们的成长产生的影响，以及有些食物会对他们的健康造成危害，那么至少他们已经预先了解了相关的信息。”

v. 1 展开 2 分布 3 传播 n. 传播

例 The inappropriate and irrational use of medicines will provide favourable conditions for resistant microorganisms to emerge and spread. 不适当和不合理的药物使用会为耐药微生物的出现和传播提供有利的条件。

adj. 独特的；唯一的

例 The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted on 1,932 unique subjects which compared pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. 这项研究是一个基于1,932名独特研究对象的全组基因分析。研究成对比较了无血缘关系的朋友和无血缘关系的陌生人。

adj./adv. 分离（的）；分开（的）

例 Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely tied. 我们的法律制度旨在将法律与政治区分开来正是因为二者的联系过于紧密。

v. 提醒，使想起（~of）

例 The judge reminds the witness that he must answer for the truth of what he will say. 法官提醒证人，必须对其将要说的话的真实性负责。

n. 提示；引起回忆的事物

例 People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. 早些年代的人们总是被苦难萦绕。他们工作到筋疲力尽，生活几乎没有什么保障，年纪轻轻就命丧黄泉。

v. 改变；使改观

例 During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. 在上一代，美国那些曾经可以依靠辛勤劳动和公平竞争就能维持稳定收入的中产阶层家庭被经济风险和新的现实状况改变了。

n. 院长，系主任；主任牧师

例 Fastow volunteered to speak to students after reading a column on ethics by the dean of the business school. 读过该商学院院长就道德标准发表的专栏文章后，法斯托主动提出给这所学校的学生做演讲。

n. 社会学家

例 Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. 社会学家凯瑟琳·科勒·里斯曼在她的新书《漫话离婚》中提到，她采访的大多数女性——仅有少数男性——将离婚归咎为夫妻之间缺乏沟通。

n. 社会学

例 Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, sociology and so on. 社会科学的学科包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学等。

adj. 密集的；密度大的

例 A further study showed that each little bacterium had a chain of dense particles inside. 进一步的研究表明，每种微小细菌都有一种内在的致密的粒子链。

n. 密度；密集

例 The resulting settlement maps drawn by the researchers show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed. 研究人员绘制出来的居民区地图反映了从公元500年到850年科潘衰落瓦解之时，城市周边农村人口的分布和密度情况是如何发生剧烈变化的。

adj. 1 大胆的 2 醒目的 3 黑体的 n. 粗体；黑体

例 If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes—by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events. 如果我们真的够勇敢，我们甚至可以开始用看待香烟的方式来看待高热量的快餐——对其广告、植入式营销以及体育赛事赞助实施严格的限制。

n. 勇敢；冒失

例 In The Prince, the author championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders. 在《君主论》一书中，作者认为狡猾、残忍、富有冒险精神才是一位成功的领袖应有的能力，而不是美德、怜悯与公平公正之心。

n. 分子

例 In October, the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. 10月，司法部针对马里亚德案发表声明，声称分离的DNA 分子和从棉籽上分离出来的棉纤维一样，仅仅是自然的产物。

adj. 分子的

例 Another line of research has revealed cellular and molecular abnormalities that could well elicit or sustain autoimmune activity. 另一个方向的研究发现，细胞和分子的异常会诱发或使自体免疫活性持续。

v. 1 造成，引起 2 提出 3 摆姿势 n. 1 姿势 2 装模作样

例1 The letter said that before being readmitted to the casino, Williams would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronising the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being. 这封信中指出，在再次被允许进入赌场之前，威廉斯必须提供能证明他光临赌场不会对自己的安全或幸福造成威胁的医学/心理信息。

例2 If robots are to reach the next stage of labour-saving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. 如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这些目标给我们带来了真正的挑战。

例3 When I finally posed the question, "Why?" he merely shrugged. 当我最后问“为什么”时，他只是耸了耸肩。

v. 掩埋；埋没

例 "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. 康奈尔法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说，“重要的信息可能会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。

n. 插头；插座 v. 1 塞住；堵塞 2 （~in / into）接通

例 The wire snapped at the wall plug with a blue flash and the light fused. 墙上插头处的电线啪地发出一道蓝光，电灯的保险丝烧断了。