LEVEL 3

List 1

n. 天才，天赋

例 Being average just won't earn you what it used to. It can't when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap labour, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. 表现平平再也不会让你过上和以前一样的普通生活了。因为更多的雇主有更多渠道得到更多高于普通技能水平的廉价劳动力、廉价机器人、廉价软件、廉价自动操作系统以及廉价人才。

v. 引用 n. 引文

例 Premiers love to quote Mr Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. 总理们喜欢有选择地引用罗曼诺夫先生的报告，尤其是关于更多联邦资金的部分。

v. 反应；回应

例 The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. 身为专利法律师和乔治·华盛顿大学法学院教授的哈罗德·C.韦格纳说，联邦巡回法院的法官们“正在对最高法院的反专利趋势做出回应”。

n. 反应（能力）

例 While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgements. 虽然律师的意见和反馈可能会提高新闻报道的质量，但是记者依靠自己的价值观做出判断会更加难能可贵。

v. 反应过激

例 If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face, we can take a moment before buying. 如果我们知道自己在购买消费品或选择住房时，看到笑脸就会感情用事，我们就会在购买前花点儿时间考虑一下。

n. 病毒

例 In a recent study involving over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs on the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being exposed to the virus. 在最近一项有400多名健康成年人参与的研究中，来自宾夕法尼亚州卡内基·梅隆大学的研究员们研究了感受到社会支持以及获得拥抱对参与者接触病毒后患普通感冒的概率的影响。

adj. 重要的；有意义的

例 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代实践最趋向于认为历史学是为了重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

adj. 微不足道的，无关紧要的

例 While 1%may seem insignificant, it is not so to a geneticist. 尽管1%看似微不足道，但对遗传学家来说并非如此。

v. 公布；宣传，宣扬

例 Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicising "progressive", or left-liberal propaganda. 令人遗憾的是，校园里曾经可以自由发扬的探索精神已经不复存在了，取而代之的是把人文学科和社会科学作为工具来宣传“进步”或“左”倾自由主义思想。

v. 抓住，把握；（~on/upon）突然对…大为关注

例 No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. 没有哪门学科像人文学科这样，对专业化倾注如此多的热情。

n. 有机体；有机组织

例 Genes generally operate together in determining the characteristics of an individual organism. 基因一般会协同工作来决定单个有机体的特征。

n. 1 会议 2 学年

例 The BIO （Biotechnology Industry Organisation） recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. 生物技术产业组织（BIO）近期召开了一次大会，期间开展了一系列研讨会，针对情形不断变化的专利案对律师进行培训。

n. 1 职业 2 占领 3 消遣，业余活动

例 Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations—trucking, financial advice, software engineering—have aroused their interest, or soon will. 低收入的工作岗位，诸如园艺、日托，对机器人并没有吸引力。但许多中产阶级职业——货车运输、财务咨询、软件工程——已经引起或者很快就会引起它们的兴趣。

n. 1 撞击力 2 影响

v. 对…产生影响

例 This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science. 这种影响将不仅仅体现在《科学》杂志自己发表的论文上，也有望影响到更多想要效仿《科学》杂志做法的其他出版机构。

n. 1 入口 2 （使用或见到的）权利，机会

例 Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: A gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. 反对者主要提出了三个反对基因专利的理由，即基因是自然的产物，因此不应被授予专利；基因专利会阻碍创新而不是促进创新；专利的垄断性使基因测试的使用受限，如马里亚德公司所做的基因测试。

adj. 容易获取的；可理解的；易到达/进入的

例 As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions. 随着有机体和环境之间的相互作用逐渐为人们所了解，一度被认为是由思维、感情和性格产生的影响现在被追溯到人们可以理解的环境上去了。

n. 容易到达，易接近；易获取

例 Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th. 法学教授奥林·克尔把21世纪“数字信息的爆炸性及可获得性”与20世纪“将汽车作为实际生活必需品地位的确立”做了比较。

n. 公正，公平；司法制度；法官

例 In October, the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. 10月，司法部针对马里亚德案发表声明，声称分离的DNA 分子和从棉籽上分离出来的棉纤维一样，仅仅是自然的产物。

v. 毁坏，摧毁n. （~s）废墟

例 The purpose of editing the News of the World was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. 编辑发行《世界新闻报》的目的在于追求发行量和影响力的同时毁掉人们的生活。

n. 因素，要素

例 This is only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. 这只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施，还有许多其他因素可以促进生产率的提高，比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术以及对教育培训的投资等。

n. 胸部，胸口；胸怀，内心

例 A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. 一个联邦上诉法院推翻了先前的判决，认为马里亚德基因公司的确可以拥有两项有助于预测女性患乳腺癌概率的基因专利。

n. 偷窃

例 Police are investigating the theft of computers from the company's offices. 警方正在调查这家公司办公室里的计算机失窃案。

v. 调查；侦查

例 In theory, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. After a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying into a good family. 理论上来说，女方可以拒绝父母为其选择的对象。在选好对象后，双方家庭都会去调查对方家庭的情况，以确保他们的孩子嫁（娶）到好人家。

adj. 熟练的；有技能的；需要专门技能的

例 The policymakers fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make. 决策者们担心这会影响本国经济，使他们失去急需的技术型工人，而这些人本应留在自己的国家，在大学里任教，在医院里工作或研发新奇的产品以供工厂生产。

adj. 许多的

例 A good many middle school and high school boys spend numerous weekend hours glued to their computers, playing the latest fantasy games. 许多上中学的男孩一到周末就长时间贴在电脑前，玩最新潮的虚幻游戏。

v. 兴旺发达，繁荣

例 In fact, these commuters were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication with strangers, which makes absolute sense, since human beings thrive off of social connections. 事实上，据报道，这些与陌生人交流的通勤者比那些没有交流的通勤者心情更加愉悦。这么说是绝对有道理的，因为人类本来就是在社会联系的基础上进化发展的。

adj. 可用的；可获取的

例 The Internet can provide such a variety of information for people that many libraries have plenty of computers available for readers' use. 因特网可以为人们提供多种多样的信息，因而许多图书馆配备多台计算机供读者使用。

adj. 单独的；唯一的

例 This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different. 这是富足国家可以吸取的一个教训，即当国内生产总值不再是衡量一个国家成败的唯一标准时，世界将变得不同。

adj. 年度的；年度的

例 In 2015, the U.S. Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. 2015年，美国林务局第一次耗费了55亿年度预算中一半多的资金来治理火灾——应对火灾耗费的资金所占百分比几乎是20年前的两倍。

v. 勘察；探索；探讨，研究

例 He explores such problems consciously, articulately and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 他以自觉、清晰以及坦诚的方式来探讨这些问题，首先从事实角度提出问题，然后从道德角度提出问题，最后，根据他所获得的事实材料和道德材料，提出适当的解决办法。

n. 勘察；探索；探讨，研究

例 With its theme that "Mind is the master weaver", creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. 詹姆斯·艾伦的《思考的人》是一本深入研究自我救助的书籍，主题是“思想是一位编织大师”，它造就了我们的内在性格和外在环境。

n. 探险者

例 The Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. 维多利亚时期的作家塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯创作的《自助论》一书记录了工程师、实业家和探险家的卓越人生。

adj. 敏感的，过敏的；敏锐的 n. 敏感的人

例 In fact, though, we are extremely sensitive to smells, even if we do not generally realise it. 然而，事实上我们的嗅觉是十分敏锐的，尽管我们通常都没有意识到这一点。

n. 1 敏感（性） 2 体贴，体恤

例 Due to the obvious sensitivity of the issue, he would not divulge any details. 由于该问题非常敏感，他不会透露任何细节。

n. 1 背景；环境 2 上下文

例 In the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. 在日常的科学实践中，科学发现的过程总是含糊不清的、复杂的。我们的目标是要实事求是，但我们摆脱不了我们每个人独特的生活经历这一背景。

n. 故事

例 In 2012, Mo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his works as a writer "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary". 2012年，莫言因其作品“用虚幻现实主义将民间故事、历史和当代社会融为一体”而被授予诺贝尔文学奖。

v. 批准；认可

例 Curbs on business-method patents would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. 对商业方法专利权的限制将会是一个巨大的改变，因为这些专利正是联邦巡回法院在1998年审理一个被称作“美国道富银行”的案件时提出的，判决中巡回法院批准了一项共同基金资产集资方法的专利。

n. 同意；批准；认可

例 As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. 作为获得州政府允许其交易的一个条件，该公司同意2012年以后的运营先征得州监管机构的同意。

n. 居民；住户 adj. 居住的

例 In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. 在1990年以前的十年中，每1,000个居民当中有3.1个人是新来的移民；而在1890年以前的十年中，每1,000个居民当中就有9.2个移民。

n. 住宅，住所

例 The 1990 census revealed that a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English "well" or "very well" after ten years of residence. 1990年的人口普查显示，大多数来自15个移民大国的移民在（移民国）居住10年后英语水平达到了“好”或“很好”的水平。

n. 借款；贷款 v. 借出

例 Naturally Williams will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest, but loans of this kind are not obtainable. 威廉斯自然会设法寻找低息贷款，然而这类贷款常常是不容易弄到的。

n. 团体，群体；社区；群落

例 Mr Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement programme, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years. 罗思先生聘用了三位社区大学的学生加入工作实习项目中，起薪13美元/小时，两年后增至17美元/小时。

n./v. 减少 v. 拒绝，谢绝

例 Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. 根据收到的评论，编辑将决定该论文是发表还是退稿。

n. 恶魔；魔鬼

例 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her. 在2006年电影版的《时尚女魔头》中，梅里尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普里斯特利训斥了她其貌不扬的女助手，因为她的助手认为自己丝毫不受高端时尚的影响。

n. 1 重力，引力 2 严重性

例 Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. 据称，艾萨克·牛顿爵士通过苹果落地发现了万有引力。

adj. 好交际的

例 To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. 研究表明，要准确地判断出一个人是否好交际，我们至少需要1分钟的时间，5分钟会更好。

v./n. 要求；需要

例 Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet. 如今，在关于政府对改善公众健康应起什么作用的讨论中，一些知名医生提出了重要意见，他们要求部长们对不健康食品征收“脂肪税”，并向儿童推广类似于吸烟有害的警示，告诫他们不健康饮食的危害。

v. （使）增加，提高，加强

例 Increased levels of fat in the diet could heighten the risk of cancer. 食物中脂肪含量的提高会增加患癌症的风险。

v. （使）统一，（使）成一体

例 A flexible retirement age is being considered by Ministers to unify men's and women's pension rights. 大臣们正在考虑一个灵活的退休年龄机制，以便把男性和女性的养老金权益统一起来。

n. 统一，联合

例 In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. 在物理学领域，有一种做法将这种追求统一性的冲动推向了极端，它试图找出一种万有理论，即用一个生成等式概括我们所看到的一切。

v. 容忍，容许；忍受

例 "Women's capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," Dr Yehuda observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." 耶胡达博士指出：“女性忍受压力的能力也许比男性还要强，只是她们要处理的事情太多，以至于她们会更容易筋疲力尽。”

n. 指导，引导

例 Our elders, having witnessed innumerable vicissitudes over the course of their lives, are also an invaluable source of wisdom and guidance and indeed, a piece of living history. 一生中阅尽世间沧桑的前辈们也给我们提供了智慧和指导等宝贵的东西；实际上，他们就是活的历史。

n. 部落，部族

例 The committee is responsible for overseeing the tribe's economic development, including the use of natural resources and the investment of tribal income. 该委员会负责监督部落的经济发展，包括自然资源的利用和部落收入的投资。

adj. 部落的，部族的

例 That country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. 那个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而留给其余各部落民族的都是贫困。

v./n. 1 追逐 2 努力获得

例 If you are willing to improve your working skills or just feed yourselves early and support your families, you will be the hunters chasing after jobs or the creators of a new company. 如果你想提高工作能力或只是想尽早养活自己和家人，那么你就应该找工作或者自己创办一家公司。

v. 准予，授予，允许；承认 n. 拨款

例 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. 在过去十年中，成千上万的所谓的“商业方法”被授予了专利权。

n. 冲突，矛盾

v. 冲突，矛盾

例 The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. 白宫方面宣称，尽管亚利桑那州的法律条文与联邦政府的法律字字吻合，但亚利桑那州的法律与联邦政府的执法优先权相矛盾。

n. 文学；文献

例 No boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honour to England. 戏剧是一种文学形式，它曾给希腊和罗马带来荣耀，早晚也会给英国带来荣耀；任何一个上过文法学校的学生都不会不知道这一点。

adj. 暂时的，临时的 n. 临时工

例 Companies prefer graduates with some hands-on experience, and undergraduates could better know what they want and which jobs suit them by holding temporary jobs. 公司更想要有一定实际工作经验的毕业生；本科生通过做兼职工作可以更好地了解自己想要的工作以及哪些工作适合自己。

v. 协商，谈判

例 Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. 不同于一个省或者一个省里面的几家医院针对本省药物清单上的某种药物与药商单独议价，全国性的机构可以基于所有省份的利益来进行谈判。

v. 定做，定制

例 Subscribers can customise the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. 用户可以定制自己想要的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网站。

n. 必需品；必要

例 Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th. 法学教授奥林·克尔把21世纪“数字信息的爆炸性及可获得性”与20世纪“将汽车作为实际生活必需品地位的确立”做了比较。

v. 1 撤回；撤退 2 取消 3 提取

例 The use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"—it takes several days before a check is cashed and funds are withdrawn from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 使用纸质支票可以让消费者多几天让钱“悬浮”在账户里——对方得花上几天的时间才能凭支票取现，这也就意味着开票方又多赚了几天利息。

n. 1 撤回；撤退 2 取消 3 提款

例 Dependence on drugs is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. 对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，而一旦停止用药后就会出现令人不快的停药症状。

v. 包含；包括

例 Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. 艺术家马克·博伊尔和琼·希尔斯以及他们的孩子们一起在画廊的墙上随意地呈现英国的景观。

n. 工资，薪金

例 In many rich countries, average wages in the state sector are higher than that in the private one. 在许多富裕国家，公共部门的平均工资高于私营部门。

n. 1 允许进入 2 录取 3 承认

例 Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. 甚至在艾伦·格林斯潘承认美国曾经火热的经济已开始降温之前，许多上班族都已经觉察到了经济疲软的迹象。

n. 抱怨；投诉

例 The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS （U.S. Postal Service） and its union. 后一项措施将在很大程度上抵消每年预付退休人员医疗保健费用的财政负担，从而解决美国邮政总局及其工会长期抱怨的问题。

n. 紧急情况；突发事件

例 The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 大脑发现最好是让气味感受器可用于随时接收陌生的和紧急的信号，例如可能暗示有火灾危险的烟味。

v. 拥护，主张

n. 拥护者

例 Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on "quality time". 没有什么可以说服我重返凯尔西曾经倡导过的那种生活，我曾经享受过那种生活：12小时工作日，压得人喘不过气来的最后期限，办公室可怕的明争暗斗，以及有限的陪伴孩子的“宝贵时光”。

n. 1 运气 2 命运 3 大笔财产，财富

例 If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton. 如果她希望这笔意外之财能够产生持久的满足感，那么她最好读一下伊丽莎白·邓恩与迈克尔·诺顿合著的《快乐金钱》。

adj. 正式的 n. 正式的舞会

例 Mr McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. 麦克沃特先生认为正式语言并非完全不可或缺，也没有提出要进行激进的教育改革——真正让他哀叹消失了的与其说是那些实用的东西，不如说是富有美感的东西。

v. 1 （使）面对，（使）遇到 2 对峙

例 Many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. 许多定居者在宗教上并没有戴恩那样虔诚，就像一位牧师在海边迎面遇到的一些渔民——他们自嘲来新大陆可不是为了追求宗教信仰。

n. 对抗；对峙

例 The issue has caused great tension between the two countries and could lead to a military confrontation. 这个问题使得两国关系非常紧张，可能会导致军事对抗。

n. 信号；标志 v. 示意；表明

例 As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. 同任何一个发达国家一样，一系列复杂的文化符号、设想和习俗构成了美国所有社会关系的基础。

n. 1 骚乱 2 紊乱；疾病 v. （使）失调

例 The home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage. 家用电器也将会变得如此智能化，以至于对它们的控制和操作将会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

adj. 1 必不可少的；极其重要的 2 本质的 n. 1 必需品 2 要素

例 Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers' lives, and it's essential to making new products commercially viable. 培养良好的习惯是改善消费者生活水平的一个重要部分，这也是使新产品具有商业可行性的必要条件。

v. 1 画速写 2 概述；简述 n. 1 草图 2 素描 3 短剧

例 The first published sketch A Dinner at Poplar Walk brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. 当狄更斯发现他写的短篇故事《在白杨城共进晚餐》首次在《每月杂志》上发表时，泪水模糊了他的双眼。

adj. 壮丽的，宏伟的，华丽的

例 That means the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles. 那意味着所有的欧洲王室及其华丽的宫廷服装和高贵的生活方式都将谢幕。

adj. 紧急的，急迫的

例 The government needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要将历史偏见抛在一边，采取一些措施来解决我们迫切的住房需求。

v. （使）加速，加快

例 The rate of advance of biotech is likely to accelerate to such an extent that many people who are alive right now will live to see aging becoming partially reversible. 生物技术的进步速度可能会加速到如此程度，以至于许多现在活着的人将会目睹老龄化变得部分可逆。

n. 加速，加快

例 Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. And there's been acceleration. 诚然，新技术一直在吞噬工作岗位，而且将一直持续下去。并且，目前已出现加速态势。

v. 1 申请 2 适用 3 应用

例1 There is little doubt that Dickerman is sufficiently prepared for the position she is applying for and I support her application without reservation. 毫无疑问，迪克曼完全有资格胜任她申请的这一职位，我毫无保留地推荐她。

例2 All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. 总的说来，这显然是一个大型零售商可以获利的市场。他们利用自己庞大的经营规模、现有的基础设施，以及在产品种类、物流、营销情报方面成熟的管理技能来获得经济利润。

n. 1 申请 2 应用（程序）

例 New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. 颠覆性的新技术有时需要对宪法保护条例进行新的应用。

n. 程度；规模 v. 改变…的大小；衡量

例 The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. 房地产部门需要接受这一事实，即大规模的公共补助金的时代不太可能再回来了。

n. 宗教（信仰）

例 Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy. 人类的独特之处就在于，他们不仅有能力制造工具，而且会反过来利用这些工具创造富余的物质产品（如绘画、雕塑和建筑）和精神体验（如音乐、文学、宗教和哲学）。

v. 1 侵略，入侵 2 蜂拥而入；挤满

例 People invaded the streets in victory processions almost throughout the day. 几乎一整天，大街上都挤满了欢庆胜利的游行队伍。

adj. 最小的；极少的

例 Losing a job is hurting. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. 失业是件令人难过的事情。失业带来的是一种财务上的恐慌和心理上的尴尬，而且失业津贴很少，并且极难获得。

adj. 强烈的；紧张的，激烈的

例 Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that "the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight." 即使抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬、令人筋疲力尽，但是西尼尔写道：“正是那些一时让我们沮丧的事情日后会带来强烈的满足感和欣喜。”

adj. 1 密集的 2 加强的

例 Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. 能源节约、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性的降低都减少了石油消耗量。

v. 加强，强化，加剧

例 A new survey shows that banks are being forced to cut the margins they earn on loans as competition for customers intensifies. 一项新的调查显示，随着消费者竞争的加剧，银行被迫削减贷款的利润率。

n. 1 强度 2 强烈

例 Beethoven's habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him. 贝多芬习惯用极其强烈的力度来提高乐曲的音量，然后又突然跟上一个轻柔的乐段，在他之前，鲜有作曲家采用这种方式。

n. 信仰；信任；信心

例 Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. 美国人成群结队地涌向这些展览会是为了欣赏新的机器，从而继续对技术进步所带来的便捷抱有信心。

n. 忠诚，忠实；忠贞

例 We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. 我们相信，如果动物可以经营实验室的话，它们会对我们进行测试，以确定我们在耐力、忠诚度以及方位记忆能力方面的极限。

n. 证书；文凭 v. 用证书证明，发给证书

例 She sent her provisional licence with the test certificate to have it upgraded to a full licence. 她将临时执照和考试证书一起提交了，以申请升级为正式执照。

n. 持续时间；跨度；范围

例 Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 从17世纪到18世纪早期的这一百年里，一股移民潮从欧洲横扫至美洲——这是历史上一场大规模的人口迁徙。

v. 1 提交 2 投降 3 主张

例 At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines. 与此同时，狄更斯开始用语言记录周围的生活，尤其是记录幽默和奇怪的事物，并向一些不知名的杂志投递短篇故事。

v. 占领，占据；占用

例 Our conscious mind is occupied with daily life, and we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events—until, it appears, we begin to dream. 清醒时我们的头脑被日常琐事占据着，我们并不总会去想白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响——直到我们开始做梦，这种影响才出现。

n. 日历

例 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 皮尔逊已经汇集了世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

adj. 相当大的；相当多的

例 A considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. 在20世纪出版的大量的最重要的评论文集中，很大一部分都是报纸评论。