List 5

v. 1 对待 2 把…视为 3 治疗

例 Many in Toronto's black community feel that the justice system does not treat them fairly. 多伦多的黑人群体中有很多人觉得司法制度对待他们有失公正。

n. 1 治疗，疗法 2 对待，待遇

例 In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment centre for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. 1998年3月，威廉斯的一个朋友在他不情愿的情况下将他送入治疗中心，让他戒除赌瘾，并写信告知赌场威廉斯赌博上瘾的事实。

v. 1 促进，增进 2 倡议，提倡 3 促销，推销

例 Progress in education and economy is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. 毫无疑问，教育和经济的发展对社会、政治及学术发展而言都是必要的。但是，那种认为“教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的最首要因素之一”的传统观点是错误的。

n. 倡导者，提倡者；主办者，承办者

例 The promoter of the event must take care that there will be no more than one athlete from the same Member Association in the same shooting group. 这项赛事的主办者必须注意，同一组中来自同一个会员协会的选手只能有一个。

n. 关节；接合处 adj. 联合的，共同的

例 Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. 美国国会一直希望联邦政府和州政府能联合执行移民法，并且明确鼓励州政府官员与联邦政府的同事加强合作、信息共享。

n. 连接；关联，关系；人脉

例 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realised how diverse language could be. 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就已经在欧洲扎下了根。

v. 使惊恐；使害怕

例 He knew that Soli was trying to frighten him, so he smiled to hide his fear. 他知道索利是想吓唬他，所以他挤出笑容掩饰自己的恐惧。

v. 1 检查；调查 2 仔细研究

例 Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. 仔细研究法国、德国、意大利和西班牙等国的批发市场，我们会发现，尽管它们在细节上存在差异，但基础结构是一样的。

n. 1 调查；检查 2 考试 3 仔细研究

例 In keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. 在对（美国）南部精神文化生活进行研究时，我们可以将最初的清教徒们视为适应新大陆环境的欧洲文化传承者。

v. 应得；值得

例 The Heart of the Matter, the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. 美国人文与科学院（AAAS）最新发布的研究报告《问题的核心》值得称赞，因为其肯定了人文学科和社会科学对巩固和繁荣美国自由民主的重要性。

v. 漂流；漂泊；移动 n. 漂流物

例 It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. 人们不能确定是两个大陆都朝相反的方向运动，还是一个大陆静止不动而另一个大陆从其身边漂走。

v. 断言；声称；主张

例 During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills". 在上个月股东大会上关于摇滚乐歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称“音乐不是社会弊病的根源”。

n. 断言；声称；主张

例 Their work makes a rather startling assertion: The inherited trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. 他们的研究得出了一个令人惊讶的结论，即我们通常称之为天赋的遗传特性被高估了。

adj. 1 偏僻的 2 （过去或未来）遥远的 3 （可能性或机会）渺茫的

例 Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. 卡达斯的评论有没有机会重新流行呢？前景似乎很渺茫。

n. 曲线；曲线变化 v. 沿曲线运动；（使）弯曲

例 For making the finished product cross section contain same inside circle radius, the free curve angle on the upper part shutting small side should be 4~8° more than the bottom. 为使成品断面有相同的内圆角半径，上部闭合小边自由弯曲的弯曲角应比底部弯曲角大4~8度。

n. 1 质量 2 （复数）群众，平民 adj. 大量的

例 Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison. 该法令规定，雇用不符合政府规定的体重要求的时装模特会导致8.5万美元的罚金和六个月监禁。

n. 营养物 adj. 营养的，滋养的

例 Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. 身高的增长一般在20岁以后就停止了，长高需要热量和营养物质——特别是蛋白质——以供应身体组织的扩展。

adj. 海外的 adv. 在海外

例 Many American banks have established branches in important commercial centres overseas to handle the business that results from world trade. 为了处理世界贸易带来的业务，美国许多银行都在海外的重要商业中心开设了分行。

adj. 1 典型的 2 代议制的 n. 代表

例 Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. 因为代议制政府预先提出全民要接受教育，所以这份报告提倡全面提高国民素质，强调学习历史和政体（尤其是美国历史和美国政体），以及鼓励使用新的数字技术。

n. 1 代表 2 描绘 3 表现

例 The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution", including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. 如果不保护他们的“特殊制度”，南方各州是不会签署宪法的。该“特殊制度”中有一条规定，即在国会选举中，一个奴隶的选票可以算作五分之三个公民的选票。

adj. 具象的，写实的

例 Expressionism is art that shows emotions and ideas through non-representational forms. 抽象表现主义是一门艺术，通过非具象的形式表达感情和想法。

n. 1 考虑，要考虑的因素 2 体贴，体谅

例 Heedless of time or any other consideration, the inquiry team began to search the underwater cave. 调查组顾不上考虑时间或任何其他因素就开始寻找水下洞穴。

v. 创立；创建

例 Founded in 1935 in Ohio, Alcoholics Anonymous is now a worldwide organisation. 嗜酒者互诫协会于1935年在俄亥俄州创立，现在已经是一个世界性的组织。

n. 福利；幸福

例 Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 各国政府行使其职能都基于这样一个前提，即人民的福祉很大程度上取决于本国的经济实力和社会财富。

adj. 不情愿的，勉强的

例 And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. 萧条的市场在一定程度上反映了银行系统的瘫痪，为避免账面亏损，银行既不愿出售资产，也不愿意去收购所有的预期廉价资产。

n. 峭壁，悬崖

例 The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea. 峭壁表面逐渐被海水侵蚀。

adj. 坦率的；简单的，易懂的

例 While such numerical standards seem straightforward, they are not. 尽管这样的数量标准看似浅显易懂，但实际上并非如此。

n. 1 速度 2 比率 3 价格 v. 定级；评估

例 Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labour Department of the country reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 per cent, as good news. 许多人谈到该国劳工部公布的六月份28.8万新增就业岗位以及降至6.1%的失业率，都认为那是好消息。

adj. 随便的，非正式的

例 The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. 许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应看作是一种文化传统历史发展的结果。

v. 控告，起诉

例 Now Williams is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. 现在威廉斯正在起诉该赌场，控告赌场既然知道他沉溺其中不能自拔，就应该拒绝他光顾。

n. 1 总和，总数 2 金额 v. 总结，概括

例 To sum up: A system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. 总之，一个仅仅建立在经济利己主义基础上的保护系统是完全失衡的。

adj. 短暂的；简洁的 n. 摘要，概要

例 Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. 斯特雷福公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局时常不着边际的言辞，这是因为政府机构往往避免发布引人注目的言论，以免言之有误。

n. 1 版本；变体 2 说法；描述

例 The witness's version contradicted the Government's claim that they were shot after being challenged. 政府声称他们是在受到盘问后被开枪射杀的，而目击者的说法却与此相矛盾。

n. 行为；举止；表现方式

例 Whether you can establish the right image and potential interpersonal relationship depends completely on your behaviour. 你是否能树立良好的形象、建立潜在的人际关系，完全取决于你的举止是否得体。

n. 物质

例 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. 在我们生活的社会里，物质在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛。比如我们用阿司匹林来缓解头痛，用酒来应酬，早晨用咖啡来提神，用香烟定神。

v. 1 创立；建立 2 证实，确定 3 得到认可

例 During the explorations of North America, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. 在人们对北美洲进行探索期间，蓬勃发展的西班牙殖民地已经在墨西哥、西印度群岛和南美地区建立起来了。

n. 1 创立；建立 2 机构；单位

例 Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE （Statistics Board of Reviewing Editors） may set an example for other journals. 乔瓦尼·帕尔米贾尼认为，评审编辑统计委员会（SBoRE）的建立也许会为其他杂志树立榜样。

v. 前进；进行；继续

例 Once that decision is made, we must then proceed concretely with its implementation, that is to say the transfer of responsibility, which will take a little time. 一旦做出决定，我们就必须切实地继续执行，也就是说进行责任移交，这将需要一些时间。

adj. 1 微弱的 2 模糊的 3 不热情的 v. 晕倒

例 As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. 这样描写曾经由古斯塔夫·马勒和皮埃尔·布列兹等音乐家担任指挥的乐队的下一任指挥，显得有点轻描淡写了，至少《泰晤士报》的一些读者会这么想。

v. 1 收费 2 管理 3 指控（~with） n. 1 主管 2 指控

例 As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. 尽管窃听审判已有定论——判定《世界新闻报》前编辑安迪·库尔森“电话窃听共谋罪”属实，而面对同样的指控，其前任丽贝卡·布鲁克斯则被判定无罪——但是更大范围的诚信缺失问题依然存在。

adj. 1 较小的 2 次要的 3 轻微的，不严重的 n. 1 辅修科目 2 未成年人

例 Aloe may have an analgesic effect on inflammation and minor skin irritations. 芦荟可能对身体炎症以及轻微的皮肤发炎具有镇痛作用。

n. 1 少数 2 少数民族

例 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that "social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. 马尔科姆·格拉德威尔在其著作《引爆点》中指出，社会潮流在很大程度上是由极少数特殊个体的行为推动的。这些特殊个体通常被称为有影响力的人，他们或见多识广，或能言善辩，或人脉广。

adj. 1 特指的 2 特别的 3 挑剔的（~about） n. 1 细节（常用复数） 2 详细资料

例 How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. 我们如何阅读一篇给定的文章在某种程度上也取决于我们每个人独特的阅读兴趣。

v. 1 回忆 2 召回

n. 召回

例1 Toyota Motor, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites. 丰田汽车公司在其汽车召回危机中，利用比较快速和精心策划的社交媒体公关活动，包括在一些网站上直接与消费者交流，减少了那次危机造成的一些损失。

例2 I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. 我能够回想起祖父去世那天的情景以及前一天我们去医院时我有多么难过。

n. 1 方程式，等式 2 影响因素

例 It is very easy for us to see that the conclusions described in the text follow from this equation. 我们很容易可以看出文中所叙述的结论是由这个方程式推出的。

adj. 实践的；切实可行的

例 Their thesis—that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact—was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. 他们的论文——小干预可能产生大影响——是基于这样的观点，即第一代大学生最缺乏的可能并不是潜力，而是关于处理多数大学生都会面临的各种问题的实践知识。

adv. 1 几乎 2 实际地

例 Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. 实际上，每周杂志上都会特别报道至少一位明星妈妈或者准妈妈，报摊上摆放着她们笑容可掬的照片。

n. 可行性，实用性；实际情况（复数）

例 Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. 实用性、常识以及与生俱来的智力一直被视作是比可以从书本里学得的任何东西都高贵的品质。

adj. 不现实的，不切实际的；无实践能力的

例 It may be difficult or impractical to structure policies aimed to fulfil all possible employee needs. 要制定一种满足职工所有需求的政策是很难的，也是不现实的。

v. 1 达到，实现 2 获得

例 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however far-fetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 当艺术领域的一个新运动带有某种时尚元素时，最好弄清楚这场运动的倡导者的真正意图，因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，若干年后，人们都可能会认为它们是正常的。

v. 1 出现，发生 2 起立

例 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思考对象，给美以新的标准。

n. 物种，种

例 The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? 化石记录表明，许多物种已经存活了数百万年之久，那么人类为何不可呢？

n. 概念

例 The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. “人机对抗”这一概念至少可以追溯到工业革命时期，但这一现象在经济下滑和复苏乏力的情形下给人的感受最为强烈。

n. 1 构思 2 理解

例 This paper firstly introduces the conception of metatheory and discusses its importance in theoretical foundation of information science. 这篇论文首先介绍了元理论的设想，并探讨了它在情报学基础理论研究中的重要性。

adj. 概念（上）的

例 British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. 正如在这场规模相对不大但作品精良的展览中所展示的一样，英国的地景艺术并非强加于大地之上，更是一种穿越其中的地景光线概念艺术。

v. 1 扩大；放大 2 （~on）详细说明

例 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构的价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生经验方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是其最初成立时的动机。

v. 拒绝；排斥

例 If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners. 如果我们知道女性审查员更有可能拒绝有魅力的女性申请者，我们就能帮助审查员认识到她们的偏见，或者从外部聘请审查人员。

n. 1 全体教员 2 才能 3 官能

例 The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: Federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. 学术研究方面公共资金的增长加快了这一进程，即联邦政府的科研拨款在1960年至1990年间增长了四倍，但教员们的课时却减少了一半，因为他们花费了太多时间在研究上。

n. 1 出发；离开 2 违背

例 When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. 发展中国家的人担心移民问题时，通常忧虑的是自己国家最优秀和最聪明的人都离开去硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学里工作了。

adj.基本的，根本的 n. 基本原理，基本原则

例 "There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits," said Dr Curtis. 柯蒂斯博士说：“像不用香皂洗手这样基本的公共卫生问题仍然在吞噬着人们的生命，只是因为我们还没有想出如何去改变人们的行为习惯。”

n. 态度；看法

例 When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. 当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。

n. 委员会

例 Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. 且不说其他专家的报告，就连罗曼诺委员会和柯尔比医疗委员会都建议成立一个全国性的药物机构。

v. 遭受；受苦

例 Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. 那些长期受到噩梦折磨的人应该寻求心理医生的帮助。

n. 命运

例 By a strange twist of fate, Smith's first match is against the team that gave him the sack last season. 由于命运的奇特安排，史密斯首场比赛的对手正是上个赛季将他解雇的那支球队。

n. 缺乏；缺席

例 This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, Elisabeth thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. 伊丽莎白认为，同样的道德目标的缺失正在伤害像新闻国际这样的公司，使其更有可能像过去一样因大范围非法电话窃听而迷失方向。

v. 使惊奇，使惊讶

例 We are also astonished and convinced by the author's fertile imagination and scientific and geographical knowledge. 作者丰富的想象力和科学地理知识也使我们惊讶并折服。

v. 1 提议 2 求婚

例 The America's Federal Trade Commission （FTC） proposed adding a "do not track" （DNT） option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 美国联邦贸易委员会曾提议在互联网浏览器中添加一个“禁止追踪”的选项，这样用户可以告知广告商他们不想被追踪。

v. （使）分开，（使）分离；（使）摆脱

例 The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced." Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. 梅南先生总结道，高等教育改革的关键在于改变“培养知识分子”的方式。否则，大学教师的想法仍然会惊人的相似，并且愈加脱离他们所研究、调查和批判的社会。

v. 1 使恢复活力，使提神 2 刷新

例 Press the ‘reload’ button on your web browser to refresh the site and get the most current version.点击网页浏览器上的“刷新”按钮来刷新页面就会显示最新的版本。

adj. 精神上的；智力的；思想的

例 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. 严格地说，除了食物以外，任何改变我们身心机能的物质都是药物。

n. 1 心态 2 思维方式

例 Running a business requires a very different mentality from being a salaried employee. 经营一家企业所要求具备的心态和上班族的心态截然不同。

n. 一代人

例 Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. 年轻人和老年人在这一点上倒是观点一致，即他们都普遍认为与前几代人相比，如今的年轻人若想开创自己的生活要难得多。

（英orientate）n. 东方（世界） v. 1 辨认方向 2 使熟悉，使适应

例1 You can orient yourself by remembering that the hill is due north. 只要记住这座小山位于正北方，你就能确定你所在的方位了。

例2 Anxiety comes from not being able to orient yourself in your own existence. 不能适应生活便会产生焦虑。

v. 使恐惧，使害怕

例 Their movements through the region were calculated to terrify landowners into abandoning their holdings. 他们在该地区的行动是精心谋划的，意在恐吓土地所有者放弃手中的地产。

n. 心理（学）；心理特征

例 Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realised he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. 埃里克森在瑞典长大，早先从事核工程学的研究，直到后来他认识到如果转向心理学领域，他就会有更多机会进行自己的研究。

adj. 心理的；心理学的

例 I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. 我以前并没有意识到市场营销趋势对我们有关儿童天性的理解，包括我们对儿童心理成长的核心认知，有如此深刻的影响。

n. 心理学家

例 Generally costing several hundred dollars, the IQ tests are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. 尽管智力测试的各种改编版在书店和互联网上都可以找到，但是一般情况下该测试通常由心理学家来操作，费用为几百美元。

n. 天堂

例 Facebook therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle. 因此，脸书就成了自我提升者的天堂，在这里人们可以只分享自己最漂亮的照片以及自己的智慧、风格、美丽、学识和生活方式的精华。

v. 1 使具有资格 2 可被认为是，可算作

例 Many collegiate and professional football players qualify as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a normal BMI （body mass index）. 许多大学的和职业的足球队员可称得上肥胖，尽管他们的体脂百分比很低。相反，体形小的人可能体内脂肪含量高，但BMI（身体质量指数）是正常的。

n. 1 资格 2 学历 3 限制条件

例 Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. 尽管有超过半数的哈佛本科生最终选择主修法律、医学或商科，然而这些未来的医生和律师在开始专业资格学习之前必须先获得一个非专业的文科学位。

v. 1 产生（能量） 2 造成；引起

例 While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 per cent of the world's energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. 尽管化石燃料，如煤炭、石油、天然气，仍然在全球能源供应中约占85%，然而比以往更清楚的趋势是未来是属于可再生能源的，例如风能和太阳能。

adj. 1 能生产的，有生产能力的 2 （语言学中）生成的

例 In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. 在物理学领域，有一种做法将这种追求统一性的冲动推向了极端，它试图找出一种万有理论，即用一个生成等式概括我们所看到的一切。

v. 1 发射 2 发布（产品） 3 开展；发起

例1 A century ago, Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". 一个世纪前，奥克塔维娅·希尔启动了“国民信托”项目，目的不是挽救时尚的住宅建筑，而是挽救“自然景观之美以供后世欣赏”。

例2 People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere". 从19世纪开始，百货商店倡导的“消费文化”深深地吸引着人们，这些百货商店“环境舒适，商品琳琅满目”。

n. 毕业（典礼）

例 In order to decrease the risk of prolonged unemployment after graduation, students should consider whether a particular career is "hot" or not before settling upon a choice. 为了降低毕业后待业时间延长的风险，大学生在做出选择之前应该考虑该职业是否“热门”。

v. 喜欢；爱慕 n. 想象 adj. 奢华的

例 Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. 对于巨额财富的想象通常是对名车、豪宅的憧憬。然而，购买这些物质所带来的满足感常常很快就会消失殆尽。

n. 勇敢，勇气

例 Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. 在美国独立战争时期，华盛顿目睹了黑人士兵的英勇之后，他开始相信人人生而平等。于是他不顾亲友的强烈反对，把赋予奴隶自由的决定立进了遗嘱。

v. 1 有区别；不同于 2 持不同看法

例 Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room. 在火车上或躺在床上阅读的方法与在研讨室里阅读的方法可能会有很大不同。

n. 计划，方案 v. 密谋，策划

例 The company had a good pension scheme for the salaried employees and an ungenerous one for the hourly paid. 公司给按月领薪水的员工提供了一套很好的养老金计划，但给计时工提供的计划却很吝啬。

n. 1 高点，顶点 2 峰会

例 When women do break through to the summit of corporate power, they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. 就算女性真的成功进入公司的权力高层，她们也会备受瞩目，就因为她们仍然属于社会常规的例外。

n. 选择（权）；可选择的事物

例 If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face, we can take a moment before buying. 如果我们知道自己在购买消费品或选择住房时，看到笑脸就会感情用事，我们就会在购买前花点儿时间考虑一下。

adj. 1 立刻的 2 目前的

例 Perhaps wilfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. 可能有人会执意地认为，推想久远的未来要比思考即将发生的未来更为容易。

v. 区别；使不同

例 Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: Dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. 通过暂停来抑制习惯性反应是人类有别于动物的一种能力，狗只会间歇性地思考未来，或者只思考几分钟。

v. 预期，预料

例 Part of the reason for the massive security line is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA （Transportation Security Administration） is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. 导致安检队伍过长的一部分原因是：政府没能预见乘飞机出行的乘客的骤增，因此运输安全管理局现在正急着招聘更多安检员。

adj. 1 客观的 2 不近人情的 3 非个人的

例 In terms of the feasibility of system implementation, we must make an elaborate and impersonal analysis from the technical, economic and practical aspects. 关于系统实施的可行性，我们必须从技术上、经济上和实际操作上进行客观详尽的分析。

v. 声称；宣布，声明

例 The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors. 泰勒案的裁决也宣布，陪审员选拔过程中的性别歧视是违反宪法的，并要求各州按照相同程序来选拔男女陪审员。

n. 宣布，宣称；公告

例 Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. 斯特雷福公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局时常不着边际的言辞，这是因为政府机构往往避免发布引人注目的言论，以免言之有误。

adj. 1 多山的 2 巨大的，庞大的

例 On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. 在财政方面，莱文承受着抬高股价、减少公司巨额债务的压力。在谈妥两笔新的有线电视协议后，公司债务将达到173亿美元。

adj. 严重的；恶劣的

例 The authorities could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. 在面临严重的、紧急的情况时，执法当局仍可以置第四条修正案于不顾；在等待搜查令的时候，他们可以采取适当的措施以保证手机中的数据不被删除或更改。

n. 1 大多数 2 法定成年年龄

例 Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. 虽然女性于1898年就首次在犹他州进入了州陪审团，但直到20世纪40年代，女性才在大多数州拥有了成为陪审员的资格。

v. 劳动；辛勤工作 n. 劳工；劳动力

例 An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labour market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet. 非自愿兼职工作岗位的增加是劳动力市场疲软的表现，意味着很多人只能勉强维持生计。