3. Lincoln Memorial:The Ancestral Temple 林肯纪念堂：王者祠堂

The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. across from the Washington Monument. The architect was Henry Bacon, the sculptor of the primary statue was Daniel Chester French, and the painter of the interior murals was Jules Guerin. It is one of several monuments built to honor an American president.

林肯纪念堂是为了纪念美国第16任总统亚伯拉罕·林肯而建成的美国国家纪念馆，坐落于华盛顿特区的国家广场上，在华盛顿纪念碑的正对面。建筑师是亨利·培根，而负责雕塑亚伯拉罕·林肯雕像的是法国雕塑家丹尼尔·切斯特，室内壁画画家是朱尔斯·古瑞恩，林肯纪念堂是为了纪念美国总统而建成的几个纪念建筑之一。

●Structured Lincoln Memorial 错落有致的林肯纪念堂

The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic Greek temple and features Yule marble from Colorado. The structure measures 57.8 by 36.1 m and is 30 m tall. It is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death.

The interior of the Memorial is divided into three chambers by two rows of Ionic columns. These columns, four in each row, are 50 feet tall and 5.5 feet in diameter at their base. The north and south side chambers contain carved inscriptions of Lincoln's second inaugural address and his Gettysburg Address. Bordering these inscriptions are pilasters ornamented with fasces, eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation were done by Evelyn Beatrice Longman.

整座建筑呈长方形，长约57.8米，宽约36.1米，高约30米，是一座仿古希腊神庙式的大理石古典建筑。36根白色的大理石圆形廊柱环绕着纪念堂，象征林肯任总统时所拥有的36个州。

纪念馆内部被两行爱奥尼亚柱式划分为三个区域。这些爱奥尼亚柱式每行4根，每根高50英尺，底部直径5.5英尺。南北两面镌刻着林肯的第二次总统就职演说和他在葛底斯堡演说中的铭文。这些铭文旁边镶有束棒、鹰和花环装饰的壁柱，铭文和纹饰均由伊夫林·比阿特丽斯朗文制作。

●Decorated Lincoln Memorial 雕梁画栋的林肯纪念堂

The Memorial is filled with symbolism: the 36 columns represent the states in the union at the time of Lincoln's death, the 48 stone festoons on the attic above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Above each of the inscriptions is a 60-by-12-foot (18 by 3.7 m) mural painted by Jules Guerin graphically portraying governing principles evident in Lincoln's life. On the south wall mural, Freedom, Liberty, Immortality, Justice, and the Law are pictured, while the north wall portrays Unity, Fraternity, and Charity. Both scenes contain a background of cypress trees, the emblem of Eternity. The murals were crafted with a special mixture of paint which included elements of kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture conditions.

The ceiling of the Memorial, 60 feet (18m) above the floor, is composed of bronze girders, ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between the girders are panels of Alabama marble, saturated with paraffin to increase their translucency. Despite the increased light from this device, Bacon and French felt the statue required even more light. They decided upon an artificial lighting system in which a louvered lighting panel would be set in the ceiling with metal slats to conceal the great floodlights. Custodians could adjust the lights from a control room, varying them according to the outside light. Funds for this expensive system were appropriated by Congress in 1926, and in 1929, seven years after the dedication, the statue was properly lighted. Since that time, only one major alteration has taken place in the Memorial's design. This was the addition of an elevator within the structure to aid handicapped visitors, which was installed in the mid-1970s.

纪念堂充满了象征意义：36根廊柱代表着林肯去世时联邦政府拥有的36个州，在阁楼上的48个石花彩代表美国在1922年时的48个州。上面的铭文，是一幅由朱尔斯·古瑞恩创作的60×12英尺（约18×3.7米）的壁画，生动地描绘了林肯生前著名的指导思想。在南墙的壁画上，展现了自由、解放、不朽、正义和法律等原则，而北墙上展现了团结、友爱和慈善事业的内容。这两个场景的共同背景是柏树和永恒的会徽。壁画精制而成，是用一种特殊混合物的涂料制成的，其中包括煤油和蜡的元素，以适应温度和湿度条件的波动，从而保护暴露的艺术品。

天花板距离地面60英尺（18米），大梁由青铜制成，并用月桂树和橡树叶装饰。主梁之间镶嵌上阿拉巴马州大理石，以饱和的石蜡装饰其版面，从而增加他们的半透明性。尽管其提高了光的通透性，但培根和法国人还是觉得这座雕像需要更多的光线。他们决定将百叶窗式面板设置在天花板的金属板条上，以掩盖巨大的泛光灯，从而使用人工照明系统。管理者在灯光控制室中可根据外界光线的变化调节室内光度。这种昂贵系统的资金来源于1926年和1929年美国国会的拨款，在接受捐献的7年后，雕像适当增加了照明。自那时起，在纪念馆的设计上只发生过一次大的改动：为了帮助残疾人的游客，在20世纪70年代中期在馆内安装了电梯。

●Depictions on U.S. Currency 货币上的纪念堂

From 1959 to 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States one cent coin, which bears Lincoln's portrait bust on the front. This was done to mark the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.

The memorial also appears on the back of the U.S. five dollar bill, the front of which bears Lincoln's portrait.

1959～2008年，林肯纪念堂出现在1美分的硬币的反面，正面是林肯的肖像，以纪念林肯诞辰150周年。

另外，5美元纸币正面为林肯头像，背面亦为林肯纪念堂。

●The Great Man of the Century——Abraham Lincoln 世纪伟人：亚伯拉罕·林肯

Today, Abraham Lincoln(1809—1865), sixteenth president of the United States, is remembered as a visionary leader, a gifted orator and one of America's greatest presidents. In his time, however, he faced harsh criticism for his handling of the Civil War and his expansion of executive power. Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated—he was shot by actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, just six days after Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox, and died the next morning.

Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809, and died in Washington in 1865, the day after he had been shot by a Southern sympathizer. He is classed with Washington in greatness of deeds, but is nearer the hearts of all Americans because he sprang from the ranks of the common people, and rose from the log hut of birth to the White House. Because his family was pioneers in the newly settled West, he had practically no regular education, but he held firmly to his purpose to secure knowledge in every possible way. Stories are told of how he walked miles to secure a book, and studied by the light of the hearth fire at night after a hard day at farm work. After a hard struggle as clerk, village postmaster, and surveyor, he succeeded in passing the bar examinations, and became a lawyer in Springfield, Illinois. In 1846. he was elected to Congress. In1858, he might have gained his place in the United States Senate had he not taken his stand against slavery in the famous debates which he entered with Stephen A. Douglas. These debates spread his fame throughout the country and led the way for his election to the presidency in1860. Very shortly after his election the secession of certain Southern states led to the Civil War, which in turn induced Lincoln to free the slaves on January 1, 1863, by the Emancipation Proclamation. His second inaugural speech gives his plan for building up the peace of the nation, but he did not live to accomplish his desire. Many comparisons have been made of Washington and Lincoln. Each was in the highest sense a providential man raised up for his era, and filled with those eminent qualities that enabled him to do the great work of the hour.

如今，美国第16任总统亚伯拉罕·林肯作为一个有远见的领导者，一个天才的演说家和美国最伟大的总统之一，铭记在世人心中。但是，在他的有生之年，他却因指挥南北战争和扩张行政权力而饱受严厉的指责。林肯是第一位被暗杀的总统——1865年4月14日，罗伯特·E·李在阿波马托克投降仅6天之后，林肯就遭到演员约翰·威尔克斯·布斯的暗杀，并于次日早上离世。

林肯1809年出生于肯塔基州，1865年被一名南方联邦支持者所刺，并于第二天逝于华盛顿。由于他杰出的贡献，人们将他和华盛顿总统相提并论，但是在所有美国人民的心中，林肯出身于平民家庭，却最终入主白宫，所以更为亲近。林肯的家庭是最早的西部移民，所以他几乎没有受过正规教育，然而他坚持不懈，通过各种途径的自我学习来获取知识。有许多故事描述了他如何步行几英里路去买一本书，以及在农场辛苦劳作一天后还在壁炉边的灯光下学习的情况。经过一段艰苦奋斗，在当过农村办事员、乡村邮递员和测量员之后不久，他成功地通过了律师资格考试，成为伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德市的一名律师。1846年，林肯当选进入国会。1858年，如果不是在同史蒂芬斯·A·道格拉斯几场有名的辩论中主张废除农奴制，从而得罪了南方的奴隶种植园主以及北方保守的资本家，他原本可以成为参议院的参议员。但这些辩论却使他闻名全国，也为他在1860年的当选总统铺平了道路。林肯上任不久，南方某些州脱离了联邦政府，引起了内战。结果这场战争促使林肯于1863年1月1日颁了《解放宣言》，解放了黑奴。在他的第二篇就职演说中，林肯阐述了要在全国建立和平的计划，但是在他生前，这个愿望没有实现。人们在华盛顿和林肯之间做了多各比较。就最高意义而言，他们都是各自时代的天佑的伟人。他们凭借杰出的才华造就了当时最伟大的事业。